Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam 1 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
with precise detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the three roles of the plasma membrane?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- allow cell to interface with the outside world
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- enable movement across membranes
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- communication
||\\//||
ATP is generated primarily in the ________ through oxidative phosphorylation.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Mitochondria
Hypoxia causes ATP levels to ________ ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
decrease
When ATP levels decrease, cells switch to ________ glycolysis
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
anaerobic
ATP levels decreasing leads to accumulation of _______ ________
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lactic acid ||\\//||
ATP levels decrease leads to what in pH?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
decrease
True or False ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hypoxia causes cell swelling ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
True
True or False ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hypoxia causes glycogen depletion ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
True
True or False ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ATP levels decreasing will result in ribosome attachment increased protein synthesis, and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
decrease of phospholipids. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,FALSE. It will result in ribosome detachment, decreased protein synthesis and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
phospholipid accumulation. ||\\//||
Does hypoxia / diminished ATP generation cause an INCREASE or a DECREASE in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Na+/K+ ATPase activity? ||\\//|| ||\\//||
DECREASE
Does hypoxia lead to INCREASED or DECREASED Na+ , Ca2+ and water in the cell?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Increased. This causes increased intracellular and intraorganellar edema ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Can inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation lead to hypoxia?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Yes
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Motility and structure ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Which three organelles are responsible for synthesis / constant cell turnover?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
RER. SER, and Golgi Apparatus ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Which three organelles are responsible for degredation and recycling of cellular waste?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Lysosomes, Proteasomes, and Peroxisomes ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the function of the mitochondria?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Energy / ATP production ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the nucleus and organelles responsible for?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
They enable self-replication and storage of genetic information
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
__________________ is a state where cells undergo uncontrolled growth due to loss of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
genetic integrity, often resulting from genetic damage or transformation by factors like
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
viruses.
Malignancy
________ is the term referring to cellular homicide ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Necrosis
_____________ is the term referring to programmed / regulated cellular death where the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cell commits suicide
||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Apoptosis
Are cells enlarged and swollen in NECROSIS or APOPTOSIS?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
necrosis
Are cells shrunken and fragmented in necrosis or apoptosis?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
apoptosis
Is there nuclelus fragmentation in necrosis or apoptosis?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
apoptosis
True or False ||\\//|| ||\\//||
DNA shows laddering on electrophoresis in apoptosis.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
True
True or False ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Inflammation occurs during apoptosis ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
False. No inflammation occurs during apoptosis. Inflammation occurs during necrosis due
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
to cellular contents leak.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
True or False - necrosis is mediated by calpains and does not require ATPP
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
True
True or False ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Necrosis plays a role in embryogenesis, tissue involution, and elimination of damaged cells.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
False. This is true for apoptosis. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the 8 mechanisms of cell injury?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Hypoxia,
||\\//||
2. Infection
||\\//||
3. Trauma
||\\//||
4. Genetic factors
||\\//|| ||\\//||
5. Immune factors and Immune response
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
6. Nutritional factors
||\\//|| ||\\//||
7. Aging
||\\//||
8. Chemical Injury / Chemical Agents
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
True or False - cyanide is an indirect toxin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
with precise detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the three roles of the plasma membrane?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- allow cell to interface with the outside world
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- enable movement across membranes
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- communication
||\\//||
ATP is generated primarily in the ________ through oxidative phosphorylation.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Mitochondria
Hypoxia causes ATP levels to ________ ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
decrease
When ATP levels decrease, cells switch to ________ glycolysis
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
anaerobic
ATP levels decreasing leads to accumulation of _______ ________
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lactic acid ||\\//||
ATP levels decrease leads to what in pH?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
decrease
True or False ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hypoxia causes cell swelling ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
True
True or False ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hypoxia causes glycogen depletion ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
True
True or False ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ATP levels decreasing will result in ribosome attachment increased protein synthesis, and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
decrease of phospholipids. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,FALSE. It will result in ribosome detachment, decreased protein synthesis and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
phospholipid accumulation. ||\\//||
Does hypoxia / diminished ATP generation cause an INCREASE or a DECREASE in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Na+/K+ ATPase activity? ||\\//|| ||\\//||
DECREASE
Does hypoxia lead to INCREASED or DECREASED Na+ , Ca2+ and water in the cell?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Increased. This causes increased intracellular and intraorganellar edema ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Can inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation lead to hypoxia?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Yes
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Motility and structure ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Which three organelles are responsible for synthesis / constant cell turnover?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
RER. SER, and Golgi Apparatus ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Which three organelles are responsible for degredation and recycling of cellular waste?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Lysosomes, Proteasomes, and Peroxisomes ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the function of the mitochondria?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Energy / ATP production ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the nucleus and organelles responsible for?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
They enable self-replication and storage of genetic information
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
__________________ is a state where cells undergo uncontrolled growth due to loss of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
genetic integrity, often resulting from genetic damage or transformation by factors like
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
viruses.
Malignancy
________ is the term referring to cellular homicide ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Necrosis
_____________ is the term referring to programmed / regulated cellular death where the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cell commits suicide
||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Apoptosis
Are cells enlarged and swollen in NECROSIS or APOPTOSIS?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
necrosis
Are cells shrunken and fragmented in necrosis or apoptosis?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
apoptosis
Is there nuclelus fragmentation in necrosis or apoptosis?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
apoptosis
True or False ||\\//|| ||\\//||
DNA shows laddering on electrophoresis in apoptosis.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
True
True or False ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Inflammation occurs during apoptosis ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
False. No inflammation occurs during apoptosis. Inflammation occurs during necrosis due
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
to cellular contents leak.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
True or False - necrosis is mediated by calpains and does not require ATPP
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
True
True or False ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Necrosis plays a role in embryogenesis, tissue involution, and elimination of damaged cells.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
False. This is true for apoptosis. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the 8 mechanisms of cell injury?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Hypoxia,
||\\//||
2. Infection
||\\//||
3. Trauma
||\\//||
4. Genetic factors
||\\//|| ||\\//||
5. Immune factors and Immune response
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
6. Nutritional factors
||\\//|| ||\\//||
7. Aging
||\\//||
8. Chemical Injury / Chemical Agents
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
True or False - cyanide is an indirect toxin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
