ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 TWU ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
WITH ACCURATE DETAILED SOLUTIONS ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what metabolic waste products do kidneys excrete - correct answer✔✔, creatinine,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bilirubin, hydrogen, urea ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what foreign chemical do kidneys excrete - correct answer✔✔drugs, toxins, pesticides, food
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
additives
summary of kidney function - correct answer✔✔excretion of metabolic waste products,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
excretion of foreign chemicals, secretion, metabolism excretion of hormones, regulation of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
acid base balance, gluconeogensis, control arterial pressure, regulate water and electrolytes
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what hormones do kidneys produce - correct answer✔✔renal erythropoetic factor, vitamin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
D (calcitrol), renin
||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is gluconeogenesis - correct answer✔✔production of glucose from amino acids by the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
kidneys
what is the waste product of protein metabolism - correct answer✔✔urea
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is the waste product of nucleic acid metabolism - correct answer✔✔uric acid
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is the waste product of muscle metabolism - correct answer✔✔creatinine
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is the waste product of hemoglobin metabolism - correct answer✔✔bilirubin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,what foreign chemicals are excreted - correct answer✔✔pesticides, food additives, toxins,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
drugs
what hormone is metabolized and excreted by the kidney - correct answer✔✔peptide
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
hormones like insulin and angiotensin 2 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
An important stimulus for erythropoietin production by the kidneys is __. - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔hypoxia
Decreased oxygen delivery in the kidney (hypoxia) increases __ production, that increases
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
erythrocyte production in bone marrow, which increases erythrocyte production in the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bone marrow, the increase in erythrocytes increase oxygen - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔erythropoetin
Vitamin D importance - correct answer✔✔metabolism of calcium and phosphate
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
___ acid and __ acid, generated by metabolism of proteins is excreted by the kidneys. -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
correct answer✔✔Sulfuric, phosphoric ||\\//|| ||\\//||
___ are the only means of excreting nonvolatile acids - correct answer✔✔kidneys
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what organ regulates body fluid buffers with bicarbonate - correct answer✔✔kidneys
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what methods do the kidneys use to regulate arterial pressure - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔endocrine organ: renin-angiotensin system, prostaglandins, kallikrein-kinin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
system
control of extracellular fluid volume ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, renin-angiotensin system - correct answer✔✔Renin (kidney) makes angiotensin(liver) into ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
angiotensin 1. ACE (lungs) makes angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Kallikrein-kinin system - correct answer✔✔BP reduction, vasoprotection, natriuresis. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
opposes the actions of angiotensin 2 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what electrolytes are regulated by kidney - correct answer✔✔sodium, water, potassium,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
hydrogen, calcium, phosphate, magnesium ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
flow of fluid through kidney - correct answer✔✔Fluid filtered from the glomerular
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
capillaries flows into the bowman's capsule ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
The fluid then enters the proximal tubule which lies in the cortex of the kidney
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Fluid then flows into the loop of Henley which dips into the renal medulla each loop
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
consists of a descending and ascending limb the walls of the descending limb and lower end ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
of the ascending limb are very thin and therefore are called the thin segment of the loop of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Henley. After the ascending limb of the loop returns part way back to the cortex, its wall ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
becomes much thicker this segment is referred to as the thick segment of ascending limb. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
At the end of the thick ascending limb is a short segment known as macula densa. It
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
controls nephron function. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
From the macula densa fluid enters the distal tubule which lies in the renal cortex
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
The distal tubules followed by the connecting tubule and cortical collecting tubule which
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lead to the cortical collecting duct ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
The initial parts of eight to 10 cortical collecting ducts joined to form a single larger
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
collecting duct that runs downward into the medulla and becomes the medullary collecting ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
duct
The collecting ducts merged to form progressively larger ducts that eventually empty into
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the renal pelvis through the tips of the renal papillae
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
WITH ACCURATE DETAILED SOLUTIONS ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what metabolic waste products do kidneys excrete - correct answer✔✔, creatinine,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bilirubin, hydrogen, urea ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what foreign chemical do kidneys excrete - correct answer✔✔drugs, toxins, pesticides, food
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
additives
summary of kidney function - correct answer✔✔excretion of metabolic waste products,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
excretion of foreign chemicals, secretion, metabolism excretion of hormones, regulation of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
acid base balance, gluconeogensis, control arterial pressure, regulate water and electrolytes
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what hormones do kidneys produce - correct answer✔✔renal erythropoetic factor, vitamin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
D (calcitrol), renin
||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is gluconeogenesis - correct answer✔✔production of glucose from amino acids by the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
kidneys
what is the waste product of protein metabolism - correct answer✔✔urea
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is the waste product of nucleic acid metabolism - correct answer✔✔uric acid
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is the waste product of muscle metabolism - correct answer✔✔creatinine
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is the waste product of hemoglobin metabolism - correct answer✔✔bilirubin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,what foreign chemicals are excreted - correct answer✔✔pesticides, food additives, toxins,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
drugs
what hormone is metabolized and excreted by the kidney - correct answer✔✔peptide
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
hormones like insulin and angiotensin 2 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
An important stimulus for erythropoietin production by the kidneys is __. - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔hypoxia
Decreased oxygen delivery in the kidney (hypoxia) increases __ production, that increases
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
erythrocyte production in bone marrow, which increases erythrocyte production in the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bone marrow, the increase in erythrocytes increase oxygen - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔erythropoetin
Vitamin D importance - correct answer✔✔metabolism of calcium and phosphate
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
___ acid and __ acid, generated by metabolism of proteins is excreted by the kidneys. -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
correct answer✔✔Sulfuric, phosphoric ||\\//|| ||\\//||
___ are the only means of excreting nonvolatile acids - correct answer✔✔kidneys
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what organ regulates body fluid buffers with bicarbonate - correct answer✔✔kidneys
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what methods do the kidneys use to regulate arterial pressure - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔endocrine organ: renin-angiotensin system, prostaglandins, kallikrein-kinin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
system
control of extracellular fluid volume ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, renin-angiotensin system - correct answer✔✔Renin (kidney) makes angiotensin(liver) into ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
angiotensin 1. ACE (lungs) makes angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Kallikrein-kinin system - correct answer✔✔BP reduction, vasoprotection, natriuresis. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
opposes the actions of angiotensin 2 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what electrolytes are regulated by kidney - correct answer✔✔sodium, water, potassium,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
hydrogen, calcium, phosphate, magnesium ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
flow of fluid through kidney - correct answer✔✔Fluid filtered from the glomerular
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
capillaries flows into the bowman's capsule ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
The fluid then enters the proximal tubule which lies in the cortex of the kidney
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Fluid then flows into the loop of Henley which dips into the renal medulla each loop
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
consists of a descending and ascending limb the walls of the descending limb and lower end ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
of the ascending limb are very thin and therefore are called the thin segment of the loop of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Henley. After the ascending limb of the loop returns part way back to the cortex, its wall ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
becomes much thicker this segment is referred to as the thick segment of ascending limb. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
At the end of the thick ascending limb is a short segment known as macula densa. It
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
controls nephron function. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
From the macula densa fluid enters the distal tubule which lies in the renal cortex
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
The distal tubules followed by the connecting tubule and cortical collecting tubule which
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lead to the cortical collecting duct ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
The initial parts of eight to 10 cortical collecting ducts joined to form a single larger
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
collecting duct that runs downward into the medulla and becomes the medullary collecting ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
duct
The collecting ducts merged to form progressively larger ducts that eventually empty into
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the renal pelvis through the tips of the renal papillae
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
