Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 3 with accurate ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
detailed solutions ||\\//||
CAD Risk Factors: Non-modifiable - correct answer✔✔age
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
genetic disposition ||\\//||
family history ||\\//||
ethnic background ||\\//||
gender
CAD risk factors - correct answer✔✔Age >55
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
male
fam hx
||\\//||
personal hx peripheral vasc/Cerebrovascular disease ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
smoking
lipid abnorm ||\\//||
DM
HTN
obesity
sedentary
cocaine
estrogen use ||\\//||
dyslipidemia - high LDL, low HDL, high triglycerides ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what happens when LDL becomes oxidized - correct answer✔✔becomes oxidized when
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
exposed to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cell ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,then exposed to macrophages ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
becomes foam cell ||\\//|| ||\\//||
makes up atherosclerotic plaque ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what does HDL do - correct answer✔✔reverse cholesterol transport
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
returns excess cholesterol from the tissue to the liver where it binds to hepatic receptors and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
is processed or eliminated as bile or converted to cholesterol-containing steroids
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
protects LDL from oxidation ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
explain the relationship of lipoprotiens and diabetes as a risk factor for CAD - correct ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔lipoproteins can be altered by glycation as a result of high glucose levels which ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
causes a greater integration into macrophages (engulf oxidized LDL) this then accumulates
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
in the arterial wall causing platelet aggregation and smooth muscle proliferation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
android obesity - correct answer✔✔excess body fat that is placed predominantly within the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
abdomen and upper body, as opposed to the hips and thighs ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
strongest link with CAD risk r/t insulin resistance, decreased HDL levels, increased blood ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
pressure, and inflammation ||\\//|| ||\\//||
9 P21 - correct answer✔✔genetic variant associated with a strong risk for CAD
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is the risk of having an MI in relation to the age that it occurred in a parent - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔inverse relationship ||\\//||
if you have a parent who had an MI at 40 you have a higher risk than someone who's parent
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
had one at 70
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Women typically present with CAD symptoms 10 years earlier than men ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
t/f - correct answer✔✔false ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,lipoprotein (a) and CAD - correct answer✔✔nontraditional risk factor ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
associated with atherosclerosis and thrombosis ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
genetically derived particle ||\\//|| ||\\//||
at risk for premature CAD as well as stroke
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
elevated high sensitivity c reactive protein and CAD (hs-CRP) - correct answer✔✔acute ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
phase reactant or protein ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
made in liver ||\\//|| ||\\//||
indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque-related inflammation/progression ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
inflammatory marker ||\\//||
the more inflammation the more likely to have plaque ruptures
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
t/f lipoproteins increase risk for a cardiac event, thrombus, and stroke - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔true
t/f high numbers of large and puffy LDL particles are associated with increased risk for
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
CAD - correct answer✔✔false ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
high numbers of small dense LDL ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
total cholesterol levels - correct answer✔✔desirable - <200
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Borderline - 200-239 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
high - >240 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
LDL levels - correct answer✔✔Optimal: <100
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Near optimal: 100-129 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Borderline high: 130-159 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, High: 160-189 ||\\//||
Very high: >190 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Triglycerides levels - correct answer✔✔desirable - <150 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
borderline - 150 - 199 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
high - 200-499 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
very high - >500
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
HDL levels - correct answer✔✔low - <40
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
high - >60 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
response to injury hypothesis - correct answer✔✔Atherosclerosis hypothesis where plaque
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
build up begins with the endothelial damage
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
changes in permeability ||\\//|| ||\\//||
monocytes attach ||\\//||
move in ||\\//||
release oxygen free radicals ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
LDL becomes oxidized
||\\//|| ||\\//||
monocyte becomes macrophage ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cell dies
||\\//|| ||\\//||
dead cells and oxidized LDLs form the plaque
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cover by smooth muscle cell ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
fatty streak - correct answer✔✔first lesion of atherosclerosis
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-thickening of intima ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-inc. in smooth muscle cells
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
detailed solutions ||\\//||
CAD Risk Factors: Non-modifiable - correct answer✔✔age
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
genetic disposition ||\\//||
family history ||\\//||
ethnic background ||\\//||
gender
CAD risk factors - correct answer✔✔Age >55
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
male
fam hx
||\\//||
personal hx peripheral vasc/Cerebrovascular disease ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
smoking
lipid abnorm ||\\//||
DM
HTN
obesity
sedentary
cocaine
estrogen use ||\\//||
dyslipidemia - high LDL, low HDL, high triglycerides ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what happens when LDL becomes oxidized - correct answer✔✔becomes oxidized when
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
exposed to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cell ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,then exposed to macrophages ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
becomes foam cell ||\\//|| ||\\//||
makes up atherosclerotic plaque ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what does HDL do - correct answer✔✔reverse cholesterol transport
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
returns excess cholesterol from the tissue to the liver where it binds to hepatic receptors and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
is processed or eliminated as bile or converted to cholesterol-containing steroids
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
protects LDL from oxidation ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
explain the relationship of lipoprotiens and diabetes as a risk factor for CAD - correct ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔lipoproteins can be altered by glycation as a result of high glucose levels which ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
causes a greater integration into macrophages (engulf oxidized LDL) this then accumulates
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
in the arterial wall causing platelet aggregation and smooth muscle proliferation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
android obesity - correct answer✔✔excess body fat that is placed predominantly within the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
abdomen and upper body, as opposed to the hips and thighs ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
strongest link with CAD risk r/t insulin resistance, decreased HDL levels, increased blood ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
pressure, and inflammation ||\\//|| ||\\//||
9 P21 - correct answer✔✔genetic variant associated with a strong risk for CAD
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is the risk of having an MI in relation to the age that it occurred in a parent - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔inverse relationship ||\\//||
if you have a parent who had an MI at 40 you have a higher risk than someone who's parent
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
had one at 70
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Women typically present with CAD symptoms 10 years earlier than men ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
t/f - correct answer✔✔false ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,lipoprotein (a) and CAD - correct answer✔✔nontraditional risk factor ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
associated with atherosclerosis and thrombosis ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
genetically derived particle ||\\//|| ||\\//||
at risk for premature CAD as well as stroke
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
elevated high sensitivity c reactive protein and CAD (hs-CRP) - correct answer✔✔acute ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
phase reactant or protein ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
made in liver ||\\//|| ||\\//||
indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque-related inflammation/progression ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
inflammatory marker ||\\//||
the more inflammation the more likely to have plaque ruptures
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
t/f lipoproteins increase risk for a cardiac event, thrombus, and stroke - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔true
t/f high numbers of large and puffy LDL particles are associated with increased risk for
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
CAD - correct answer✔✔false ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
high numbers of small dense LDL ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
total cholesterol levels - correct answer✔✔desirable - <200
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Borderline - 200-239 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
high - >240 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
LDL levels - correct answer✔✔Optimal: <100
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Near optimal: 100-129 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Borderline high: 130-159 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, High: 160-189 ||\\//||
Very high: >190 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Triglycerides levels - correct answer✔✔desirable - <150 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
borderline - 150 - 199 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
high - 200-499 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
very high - >500
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
HDL levels - correct answer✔✔low - <40
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
high - >60 ||\\//|| ||\\//||
response to injury hypothesis - correct answer✔✔Atherosclerosis hypothesis where plaque
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
build up begins with the endothelial damage
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
changes in permeability ||\\//|| ||\\//||
monocytes attach ||\\//||
move in ||\\//||
release oxygen free radicals ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
LDL becomes oxidized
||\\//|| ||\\//||
monocyte becomes macrophage ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cell dies
||\\//|| ||\\//||
dead cells and oxidized LDLs form the plaque
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cover by smooth muscle cell ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
fatty streak - correct answer✔✔first lesion of atherosclerosis
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-thickening of intima ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-inc. in smooth muscle cells
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
