GMS 6474 Mega Final Exam with verified detailed ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
solutions
I band ✔✔ - thin filaments
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- titin
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- z disc
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A band ✔✔ - thick and thin filaments
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H zone ✔✔ - thick filaments
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M line ✔✔ - middle ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- thick filaments
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Sarcoplamic reticulum ✔✔ - membraneous smooth ER ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- wraps around sarcomeres throughout myofibrils
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- stores Ca2+
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Triad ✔✔ - sarcoplasmic reticulum ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- terminal cisterna
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- t-tubules
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- joining
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,Transmural pressure ✔✔ - Pi - Po ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- pressure difference across a vessel wall
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Eeq ✔✔ - (-61.5/z) log(inside/outside)
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- equilibrium potential
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Ena ✔✔ - +60 mV ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ek ✔✔ - -90 mV
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Eca ✔✔ - +130 mV ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Fast voltage-gated Na+ channels ✔✔ - open at -70 mV
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- similar to those in muscle and neural tissue
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- rapid activation - opening of m gates
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- rapid inactivation - closure of h gates
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- Na enters down concentration gradient
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- generates inward membrane potential
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Cardiac K+ channels ✔✔ - outward flow ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- inward rectifyer
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- transient outward K+ current
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- 2x delayed rectifyer K+ currents
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Cardiac Ca2+ channels ✔✔ - T-type ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- L-type (more prevalent)
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,T-type Ca2+ channels ✔✔ - tiny conductance ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- transient openings
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- mostly in pacemaker and atrial tissue
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- opens at -55 mV
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- fairly rapid inactivation
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L-type Ca2+ channels ✔✔ - large conductance ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- long lasting opening
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- all throughout heart
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- open at -40 mV
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- slower inactivation
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- inward (depolarizing) current
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Mixed conductance channels ✔✔ - funny current (If)
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- permeable to Na+ & K+
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- activated by hyperpolarization
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- net inward Na+ current
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- small conductance channel
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60-100 ✔✔ - SA node normal pace ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
40-60 ✔✔ - AV node normal pace ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
20-40 ✔✔ - purkinje system ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Postive deflection ✔✔ - leads 3, 4, 5, 6 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Negative deflection ✔✔ - AVR ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
No deflection ✔✔ - Lead 1 & AVL
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Frontal plane view ✔✔ - I, II, III aVR, aVL, aVF ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Lead I ✔✔ - right arm (-) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- left arm (+)
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Lead II ✔✔ - right arm (-) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- left foot (+)
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Lead III ✔✔ - left arm (-) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- left foot (+)
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Precordial leads ✔✔ - V1-6 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- record electrical activity in transverse plane (horizontally)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- wrapped around view
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T-wave postive deflection ✔✔ - becasue repolarization impulse occurs in an opposite
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
direction to depolarization ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- pericardial to endocardial
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QRS duration ✔✔ - normal 0.04 - 0.12 secs
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solutions
I band ✔✔ - thin filaments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- titin
||\\//||
- z disc
||\\//|| ||\\//||
A band ✔✔ - thick and thin filaments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
H zone ✔✔ - thick filaments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
M line ✔✔ - middle ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- thick filaments
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Sarcoplamic reticulum ✔✔ - membraneous smooth ER ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- wraps around sarcomeres throughout myofibrils
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- stores Ca2+
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Triad ✔✔ - sarcoplasmic reticulum ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- terminal cisterna
||\\//|| ||\\//||
- t-tubules
||\\//||
- joining
||\\//||
,Transmural pressure ✔✔ - Pi - Po ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- pressure difference across a vessel wall
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Eeq ✔✔ - (-61.5/z) log(inside/outside)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- equilibrium potential
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ena ✔✔ - +60 mV ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ek ✔✔ - -90 mV
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Eca ✔✔ - +130 mV ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Fast voltage-gated Na+ channels ✔✔ - open at -70 mV
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- similar to those in muscle and neural tissue
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- rapid activation - opening of m gates
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- rapid inactivation - closure of h gates
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Na enters down concentration gradient
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- generates inward membrane potential
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cardiac K+ channels ✔✔ - outward flow ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- inward rectifyer
||\\//|| ||\\//||
- transient outward K+ current
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- 2x delayed rectifyer K+ currents
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cardiac Ca2+ channels ✔✔ - T-type ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- L-type (more prevalent)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,T-type Ca2+ channels ✔✔ - tiny conductance ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- transient openings
||\\//|| ||\\//||
- mostly in pacemaker and atrial tissue
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- opens at -55 mV
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- fairly rapid inactivation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
L-type Ca2+ channels ✔✔ - large conductance ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- long lasting opening
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- all throughout heart
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- open at -40 mV
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- slower inactivation
||\\//|| ||\\//||
- inward (depolarizing) current
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Mixed conductance channels ✔✔ - funny current (If)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- permeable to Na+ & K+
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- activated by hyperpolarization
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- net inward Na+ current
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- small conductance channel
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
60-100 ✔✔ - SA node normal pace ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
40-60 ✔✔ - AV node normal pace ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
20-40 ✔✔ - purkinje system ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Postive deflection ✔✔ - leads 3, 4, 5, 6 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Negative deflection ✔✔ - AVR ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
No deflection ✔✔ - Lead 1 & AVL
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Frontal plane view ✔✔ - I, II, III aVR, aVL, aVF ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Lead I ✔✔ - right arm (-) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- left arm (+)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Lead II ✔✔ - right arm (-) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- left foot (+)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Lead III ✔✔ - left arm (-) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- left foot (+)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Precordial leads ✔✔ - V1-6 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- record electrical activity in transverse plane (horizontally)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- wrapped around view
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
T-wave postive deflection ✔✔ - becasue repolarization impulse occurs in an opposite
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
direction to depolarization ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- pericardial to endocardial
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
QRS duration ✔✔ - normal 0.04 - 0.12 secs
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