GMS 6474 Study Guide study questions with accurate ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
detailed answers ||\\//||
skeletal muscle: ||\\//||
be able to draw the sarcomere
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- label each zone & fiber & protein associated with each zone - correct answer✔✔-
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
measured from Z-disk to Z-disk ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- I band : thin filaments, titin, Z-disk
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- A band : thick & thin filaments of myosin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- H zone : thick filaments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- M line : middle, thick filaments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- thick filaments composed of : myosin filaments with both heavy & light chain components
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- thin filaments : actin, tropomyosin, troponin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- thick & thin filaments : titin, nebulin, capZ, tropomodulin, a-actinin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- desmin & dystrophin are important for anchoring sarcomeres to the sarcolemma
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle: ||\\//||
describe how zones changed when contracted in sarcomere - correct answer✔✔all zones ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
apparent in relaxed state ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- in contractile state the I band shortens & the H-zone disappears
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
memorize & understand the cross-bridge cycle & important of ATP step - correct ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔1. Binding : Activated Myosin binds to actin, ADP + Pi remain bound to myosin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Power Stroke : myosin head swivels, causing displacement of actin filament, ADP + Pi
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
are released from myosin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,3. Dissociation : ATP binds to myosin, actin & myosin dissociate (cross-bridges detach)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
4. Activation : energy from hydrolysis of ATP used to activate the myosin head, ADP + Pi
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
remain bound to myosin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
memorize the role of Ca in cross-bridge cycle - correct answer✔✔calcium binds to troponin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
& troponin complex changes its shape. shape alters the positioning of tropomyosin which
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
exposes active sites. cross bridges then form. in presence of calcium, the myosin binds to the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
actin
||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
understand the Load-Velocity and Power Curves - correct answer✔✔power output : most ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
relevant marker or performance ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
force-velocity shows relationship (curve) between strength (force) and speed (velocity) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- power = force * velocity = work/time
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- power reaches a maximum with intermediate load. when there is a mix with slow and fast
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
twitch fibers, maximal power production occurs when velocity is about half minimal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
add picture ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Load-Velocity : ||\\//|| ||\\//||
when is the velocity fastest in relation to load? when is the most power? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔- maximal power production occurs when velocity is about half minimal ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- power reaches a maximum with intermediate load
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- velocity is maximized when velocity of shortening is high
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,the importance of the structure of the muscle from sarcomere to motor end plate to T-
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tubules to pinnation to fiber types ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- how does each work to create a smooth contraction?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
how does each affect the strength or speed of contraction? - correct answer✔✔
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
understand the Henneman Size Principle - correct answer✔✔starting with the smallest ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
motor units, progressively larger units are recruited with increasing strength of muscle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
contraction. results in an orderly addition of sequentially larger/stronger motor units ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
resulting in a smooth increase in muscle strength. recruitment sequence is thought to begin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
with type 1 motor units, to progress to type 2 units that first include Type2a, and end with
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
type 2b units, which are active only at relatively high force output
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what are the different muscle fiber types in henneman size principle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- how are they recruited? How do they fatigue? - correct answer✔✔- ST fibers : low
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
intensity, ST fibers (type 1) are recruited the fastest; slow-twitch motor units tend to be ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
small; fatigue resistant ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- FT fibers : recruited as intensity and time increases, 2a first; tend to be large; use anaerobic
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
glycolysis, so they contract and fatigue quickly
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cardiac Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
how is the cardiac muscle structure different from skeletal muscle?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How is it the same? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Why are the differences important physiologically? - correct answer✔✔cardiac muscle is
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
involuntary & found only in heart. cardiac muscle is striated, but bundles are connected at ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
branching, irregular angles called intercalated discs. skeletal muscle is striated in regular, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
parallel bundles of sarcomeres ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, cardiac muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is the importance of Ca in cardiac muscle ?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
how is this different from skeletal muscle? why? - correct answer✔✔- provides calcium for
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
binding to troponin-tropomyosin complex ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- SERCA pumps Ca back into cell using ATP, DHPR allows extra Ca to enter cell & CICR is
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
necessary for contraction ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- in cardiac muscle there is a longer contraction that is produced by an AP in skeletal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
muscle
cardiac muscle: ||\\//||
what increases the force of contraction? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
importance of autonomic control, Ca++, positive ionotropes, frank-starling - correct ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔stretching the heart increases the force of contraction ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
reflects regulatory process called Frank Starling Law of the heart||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
attributable to : ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. increase in maximal force of contraction
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. increase in sensitivity of contraction to Ca
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cardiac muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what regulates rate of contraction? - correct answer✔✔autonomic control, chronotropes,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ca++
cardiac muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is preload and after-load - correct answer✔✔preload : initial sarcomere length at end
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
diastolic volume which is the force that must be overcome before the heart ejects blood ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
from the ventricle during diastole; increased preload increases SV and CO
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Afterload : force that the contraction must overcome & the opposing force or arterial ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
pressure; increased afterload decreases SV and CO ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
detailed answers ||\\//||
skeletal muscle: ||\\//||
be able to draw the sarcomere
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- label each zone & fiber & protein associated with each zone - correct answer✔✔-
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
measured from Z-disk to Z-disk ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- I band : thin filaments, titin, Z-disk
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- A band : thick & thin filaments of myosin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- H zone : thick filaments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- M line : middle, thick filaments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- thick filaments composed of : myosin filaments with both heavy & light chain components
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- thin filaments : actin, tropomyosin, troponin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- thick & thin filaments : titin, nebulin, capZ, tropomodulin, a-actinin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- desmin & dystrophin are important for anchoring sarcomeres to the sarcolemma
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle: ||\\//||
describe how zones changed when contracted in sarcomere - correct answer✔✔all zones ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
apparent in relaxed state ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- in contractile state the I band shortens & the H-zone disappears
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
memorize & understand the cross-bridge cycle & important of ATP step - correct ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔1. Binding : Activated Myosin binds to actin, ADP + Pi remain bound to myosin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Power Stroke : myosin head swivels, causing displacement of actin filament, ADP + Pi
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
are released from myosin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,3. Dissociation : ATP binds to myosin, actin & myosin dissociate (cross-bridges detach)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
4. Activation : energy from hydrolysis of ATP used to activate the myosin head, ADP + Pi
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
remain bound to myosin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
memorize the role of Ca in cross-bridge cycle - correct answer✔✔calcium binds to troponin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
& troponin complex changes its shape. shape alters the positioning of tropomyosin which
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
exposes active sites. cross bridges then form. in presence of calcium, the myosin binds to the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
actin
||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
understand the Load-Velocity and Power Curves - correct answer✔✔power output : most ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
relevant marker or performance ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
force-velocity shows relationship (curve) between strength (force) and speed (velocity) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- power = force * velocity = work/time
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- power reaches a maximum with intermediate load. when there is a mix with slow and fast
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
twitch fibers, maximal power production occurs when velocity is about half minimal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
add picture ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Load-Velocity : ||\\//|| ||\\//||
when is the velocity fastest in relation to load? when is the most power? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔- maximal power production occurs when velocity is about half minimal ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- power reaches a maximum with intermediate load
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- velocity is maximized when velocity of shortening is high
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,the importance of the structure of the muscle from sarcomere to motor end plate to T-
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tubules to pinnation to fiber types ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- how does each work to create a smooth contraction?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
how does each affect the strength or speed of contraction? - correct answer✔✔
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
understand the Henneman Size Principle - correct answer✔✔starting with the smallest ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
motor units, progressively larger units are recruited with increasing strength of muscle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
contraction. results in an orderly addition of sequentially larger/stronger motor units ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
resulting in a smooth increase in muscle strength. recruitment sequence is thought to begin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
with type 1 motor units, to progress to type 2 units that first include Type2a, and end with
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
type 2b units, which are active only at relatively high force output
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what are the different muscle fiber types in henneman size principle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- how are they recruited? How do they fatigue? - correct answer✔✔- ST fibers : low
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
intensity, ST fibers (type 1) are recruited the fastest; slow-twitch motor units tend to be ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
small; fatigue resistant ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- FT fibers : recruited as intensity and time increases, 2a first; tend to be large; use anaerobic
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
glycolysis, so they contract and fatigue quickly
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cardiac Muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
how is the cardiac muscle structure different from skeletal muscle?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How is it the same? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Why are the differences important physiologically? - correct answer✔✔cardiac muscle is
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involuntary & found only in heart. cardiac muscle is striated, but bundles are connected at ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
branching, irregular angles called intercalated discs. skeletal muscle is striated in regular, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
parallel bundles of sarcomeres ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, cardiac muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is the importance of Ca in cardiac muscle ?
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how is this different from skeletal muscle? why? - correct answer✔✔- provides calcium for
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binding to troponin-tropomyosin complex ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- SERCA pumps Ca back into cell using ATP, DHPR allows extra Ca to enter cell & CICR is
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necessary for contraction ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- in cardiac muscle there is a longer contraction that is produced by an AP in skeletal
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muscle
cardiac muscle: ||\\//||
what increases the force of contraction? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
importance of autonomic control, Ca++, positive ionotropes, frank-starling - correct ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔stretching the heart increases the force of contraction ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
reflects regulatory process called Frank Starling Law of the heart||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
attributable to : ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. increase in maximal force of contraction
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2. increase in sensitivity of contraction to Ca
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cardiac muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what regulates rate of contraction? - correct answer✔✔autonomic control, chronotropes,
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Ca++
cardiac muscle : ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what is preload and after-load - correct answer✔✔preload : initial sarcomere length at end
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diastolic volume which is the force that must be overcome before the heart ejects blood ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
from the ventricle during diastole; increased preload increases SV and CO
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Afterload : force that the contraction must overcome & the opposing force or arterial ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
pressure; increased afterload decreases SV and CO ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
