COMPLETED NOTES
, ○ Determines the political, economical,
and social life of their regions.
○ Maintained homes in towns and cities
OLD SOUTH to have a glittering social life. They
could even travel a lot, and have
1793 – Whitney’s cotton gin patented → rise of
exquisite social events
short-staple cotton → “King Cotton
○ Compared themselves to the old
● Originally relied on tobacco, but that had
upper classes of England/France true
frequent depressions, exhausted the land it
aristocracies
grew on, and most businesses didn’t last
○ However, most were new to their
long.
wealth, and not as leisurely in the
○ Many moved onto wheat (VA, MD,
plantations
NC) while southern (SC, GA, FL)
● CULT OF HONOR
moved onto rice and sugar.
○ Avoided coarse occupations like trade
■ Rice demanded substantial
and commerce
irrigation and a very long
○ Avenging insults was a social
growing season. Sugar also
necessity, especially to white
labor intensive and only for
southern women
wealthy
○ EXAMPLE: Preston Brooks felt Charles
● SHORT STAPLE COTTON
Sumner insulted his relative and beat
○ Can grow in a variety of climates and
him with a cane, and South
soils
supported by wanting to send him
○ Harder to process than the long
MORE canes
staple variety because seeds more
● Paternalism
difficult to remove from fibers
○ Men were the unquestioned masters
○ ELI WHITNEY COTTON GIN SOLVES
of homes
THIS PROBLEM
Weak manufacturing sector and inadequate
● Growth of textile industry in Britain and New
regional transportation
England created huge demand for Cotton
● Industry remained an insignificant force
● By the time of Civil War, cotton brought in
compared to agricultural economy in order
$200 million to the US.
to serve the needs of the plantation
economy
1820s–1850s – De Bow’s Review
● FACTORS: merchants who worked to find
● Du Bow’s Review Journal arguing for
buyers for cotton and purchased goods for
southern economic independence from
planters, and provided credit
North
● Rudimentary financial system, planters often
○ Dangers in a colonial relationship
accumulated huge debts and southern
between each other
merchant bankers became important then
○ Printed in NY (North) b/c New Orleans
● TRANSPORTATION: No transport investment:
printers weren’t adequate enough.
no canals, roads crude and unsuitable for
○ Poorly sold copies (173 in Charleston)
heavy transport, railroads failed to tie regions
Antebellum – Cult of honor, cavalier image,
effectively
plantation aristocracy
○ Key transportation method was via
● CAVALIERS: saw themselves as descendants
water, where planters shipped crops
of aristocracy in Britain, embodying chivalry,
by sea and manufacturing near port
honor, leisure, and elegance
towns
○ More focused on refined and gracious
Antebellum – Hill people (non–slaveholding
way of life
Appalachian whites)
● Planter Aristocracy (slave power): the wealthy
● Backcountry people cut off from the
cotton magnates with 40-50 slaves and 800+
commercial world of the plantation system
acres of land that exercised huge power and
● Subsistence agriculture, practically no slaves,
influence
and proud sense of seclusion
, ● No surplus for market, little access to money, ○ They felt they were supporting a
often bartered for goods moral responsibility by taking care of
● Against slavery because it threatened their these slaves
own sense of independence ○ Led to the idea of slavery as a positive
● Many hill people refused to support the good
Confederacy ■ John C Calhoun coined this,
Free Blacks grow especially in Upper South (early saying it was beneficial
1800s) because 1) stabilizes economy
● Manumission (owners freeing slaves) and 2) civilizes enslaved
increased, due to easier state laws for it people
● Upper South had smaller farms that didn’t
need as many enslaved, thus some freed Antebellum – “Sambo” stereotype
● Enslaved people bought their freedom, ● SAMBOS: portrayed a docile, lazy, respectful
especially in urban areas for hired out work slave who acted out the role that the white
like blacksmiths, carpenters, or textile mills world expected of him. Meant to show their
natural submissiveness and need of
guidance
● FANCY GIRL: younger black women with fair
Slave Resistance and complexion forced into prostitution.
Marketed at much higher prices than
Southern Ideology average slaves.
1822 – Denmark Vesey conspiracy (fail)
● Evangelical Christian, Charleston free black 1810–1860 – Second Middle Passage; major
Denmark Vesey and his followers (~9,000) trading site Forks of the Road (Natchez, MS)
planned for revolt, but the plan leaked. ● SECOND MIDDLE PASSAGE:
● 22 people hanged ○ UPPER SOUTH Virginia (natural
1831 – Nat Turner Revolt (success) increase of slaves) (@ Alexandria) and
● Southampton County, VA MD -> DEEP SOUTH Natchez (MS) ->
● Enslaved preacher Nat Turner believed he New Orleans (LA)
was called by God to free all the slaves ○ Transported them through coffles
● They armed themselves with guns and axes and by sea
and broke into 55 white family homes with ○ 400,000 slaves became 4 million
women and children slaves
● Forks of the Road (Natchez): second largest
1832 – Virginia debate over gradual emancipation slave auction site
fails
● Many VA people in the Upper South 1828–1836 – Franklin & Armfield, largest slave traders
questioned the morality of slavery, ● Largest slave trading firm
suggesting gradual emancipation ● Treated slaves completely like commodities,
● Plantation owners refused, as they feared in their letters they bragged about raping
freeing slaves meant collapse of their slave women
economy
● Rise of slavery as a “positive good”
1830s – Rise of paternalism and “slavery as a positive
good” ideology
● PATERNALISM: where slaveholders defended
slavery by claiming it benefited black people
○ Black people were like “children” who
needed guidance and care from
white landowners
, 1836 – Battle of San Jacinto
Manifest Destiny & Texas ● “Remember the Alamos”
1820s–1830s – Empresarios bring settlers to Texas ● Sam Houston’s Texan troops start a surprise
● Empresarios were land agents that attack on Santa Anna’s troops and secure
encouraged Americans into Texas. The most Texan independence
popular was Stephen F Austin.
● RULES 1844 – Election of 1844
○ Become Mexican Citizens (Polk wins; J.Q. Adams opposes annexation)
○ Convert to Catholicism ● Election of 1844: Clay and Buren don’t want
○ Pay Mexican taxes and don’t bring in to take a stand for annexation of TX
slaves ● Southern Democrats: Supported annexation
● Motives: wanted Americans to act as a buffer and best candidate was James K Polk
between the violent Native tribes
(Comanchee) 1845 – Texas Annexed
● Promised them cheap land and four year ● Arguments whether it should be admitted
exemption from taxes, but later made them as a slave state as North argued balance
pay would be unbalanced
1821–1835 – Stephen F. Austin leads settlement 1845 – John O’Sullivan coins “Manifest Destiny”
● Invited by Mexicans to develop the land of ● Manifest Destiny in order to state God have
Texas given people the opportunity to expand
● People wanted to not pay taxes even though across the continent
they promised they would AND bring slavery
○ People wanted autonomy and 1846 – “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight” over Oregon
protection of slavery boundary
● Tejanos allied with Texans (Juan Seguin) ● US and Britain both claimed Oregon territory
○ But after, Americans didn’t trust ● “54, 40” was the point that Unions wanted
them and led many of them out of the line to be at.
the new republic, or lived in poor ● Eventually British accepted the 49 parallel
status proposal where it remains today
1835–1836 – Santa Anna becomes dictator
● Santa Anna seized power as a dictator after Mexican-American War Era
American overflow that wanted autonomy
● New law increased powers of national James Polk
government over the state ● Austere and severe (big workaholic)
○ Immigration restrictions ● Militant Temperance believer. Never went to
○ Antislavery parties, Protestant, Presbyterian person.
○ Increase military presence ● Pro slavery, from Tennessee
● His wife banned cards, alcohol, no dancing
1836 – Alamo (Crockett, Bowie) 1846 – Polk’s War begins
● Jim Bowie: famous for his knife. Was a slave ● PROMISES
trader. He also stole money. ○ Lower tariffs
● Davy Crockett: backwoods persona, opposed ○ Re-establish Van Buren’s
Indian Removal Act. Independent Treasury
● William Travis: part of war dog party. “Victory ○ Acquire Oregon Territory
or Death” letter ○ Annex Texas
● 185 Americans (many ran away) versus 6,000 ● MOTIVES
Mexicans ○ California
○ New Mexico
○ The Southwest
○ Full control of Texas
, ○ Determines the political, economical,
and social life of their regions.
○ Maintained homes in towns and cities
OLD SOUTH to have a glittering social life. They
could even travel a lot, and have
1793 – Whitney’s cotton gin patented → rise of
exquisite social events
short-staple cotton → “King Cotton
○ Compared themselves to the old
● Originally relied on tobacco, but that had
upper classes of England/France true
frequent depressions, exhausted the land it
aristocracies
grew on, and most businesses didn’t last
○ However, most were new to their
long.
wealth, and not as leisurely in the
○ Many moved onto wheat (VA, MD,
plantations
NC) while southern (SC, GA, FL)
● CULT OF HONOR
moved onto rice and sugar.
○ Avoided coarse occupations like trade
■ Rice demanded substantial
and commerce
irrigation and a very long
○ Avenging insults was a social
growing season. Sugar also
necessity, especially to white
labor intensive and only for
southern women
wealthy
○ EXAMPLE: Preston Brooks felt Charles
● SHORT STAPLE COTTON
Sumner insulted his relative and beat
○ Can grow in a variety of climates and
him with a cane, and South
soils
supported by wanting to send him
○ Harder to process than the long
MORE canes
staple variety because seeds more
● Paternalism
difficult to remove from fibers
○ Men were the unquestioned masters
○ ELI WHITNEY COTTON GIN SOLVES
of homes
THIS PROBLEM
Weak manufacturing sector and inadequate
● Growth of textile industry in Britain and New
regional transportation
England created huge demand for Cotton
● Industry remained an insignificant force
● By the time of Civil War, cotton brought in
compared to agricultural economy in order
$200 million to the US.
to serve the needs of the plantation
economy
1820s–1850s – De Bow’s Review
● FACTORS: merchants who worked to find
● Du Bow’s Review Journal arguing for
buyers for cotton and purchased goods for
southern economic independence from
planters, and provided credit
North
● Rudimentary financial system, planters often
○ Dangers in a colonial relationship
accumulated huge debts and southern
between each other
merchant bankers became important then
○ Printed in NY (North) b/c New Orleans
● TRANSPORTATION: No transport investment:
printers weren’t adequate enough.
no canals, roads crude and unsuitable for
○ Poorly sold copies (173 in Charleston)
heavy transport, railroads failed to tie regions
Antebellum – Cult of honor, cavalier image,
effectively
plantation aristocracy
○ Key transportation method was via
● CAVALIERS: saw themselves as descendants
water, where planters shipped crops
of aristocracy in Britain, embodying chivalry,
by sea and manufacturing near port
honor, leisure, and elegance
towns
○ More focused on refined and gracious
Antebellum – Hill people (non–slaveholding
way of life
Appalachian whites)
● Planter Aristocracy (slave power): the wealthy
● Backcountry people cut off from the
cotton magnates with 40-50 slaves and 800+
commercial world of the plantation system
acres of land that exercised huge power and
● Subsistence agriculture, practically no slaves,
influence
and proud sense of seclusion
, ● No surplus for market, little access to money, ○ They felt they were supporting a
often bartered for goods moral responsibility by taking care of
● Against slavery because it threatened their these slaves
own sense of independence ○ Led to the idea of slavery as a positive
● Many hill people refused to support the good
Confederacy ■ John C Calhoun coined this,
Free Blacks grow especially in Upper South (early saying it was beneficial
1800s) because 1) stabilizes economy
● Manumission (owners freeing slaves) and 2) civilizes enslaved
increased, due to easier state laws for it people
● Upper South had smaller farms that didn’t
need as many enslaved, thus some freed Antebellum – “Sambo” stereotype
● Enslaved people bought their freedom, ● SAMBOS: portrayed a docile, lazy, respectful
especially in urban areas for hired out work slave who acted out the role that the white
like blacksmiths, carpenters, or textile mills world expected of him. Meant to show their
natural submissiveness and need of
guidance
● FANCY GIRL: younger black women with fair
Slave Resistance and complexion forced into prostitution.
Marketed at much higher prices than
Southern Ideology average slaves.
1822 – Denmark Vesey conspiracy (fail)
● Evangelical Christian, Charleston free black 1810–1860 – Second Middle Passage; major
Denmark Vesey and his followers (~9,000) trading site Forks of the Road (Natchez, MS)
planned for revolt, but the plan leaked. ● SECOND MIDDLE PASSAGE:
● 22 people hanged ○ UPPER SOUTH Virginia (natural
1831 – Nat Turner Revolt (success) increase of slaves) (@ Alexandria) and
● Southampton County, VA MD -> DEEP SOUTH Natchez (MS) ->
● Enslaved preacher Nat Turner believed he New Orleans (LA)
was called by God to free all the slaves ○ Transported them through coffles
● They armed themselves with guns and axes and by sea
and broke into 55 white family homes with ○ 400,000 slaves became 4 million
women and children slaves
● Forks of the Road (Natchez): second largest
1832 – Virginia debate over gradual emancipation slave auction site
fails
● Many VA people in the Upper South 1828–1836 – Franklin & Armfield, largest slave traders
questioned the morality of slavery, ● Largest slave trading firm
suggesting gradual emancipation ● Treated slaves completely like commodities,
● Plantation owners refused, as they feared in their letters they bragged about raping
freeing slaves meant collapse of their slave women
economy
● Rise of slavery as a “positive good”
1830s – Rise of paternalism and “slavery as a positive
good” ideology
● PATERNALISM: where slaveholders defended
slavery by claiming it benefited black people
○ Black people were like “children” who
needed guidance and care from
white landowners
, 1836 – Battle of San Jacinto
Manifest Destiny & Texas ● “Remember the Alamos”
1820s–1830s – Empresarios bring settlers to Texas ● Sam Houston’s Texan troops start a surprise
● Empresarios were land agents that attack on Santa Anna’s troops and secure
encouraged Americans into Texas. The most Texan independence
popular was Stephen F Austin.
● RULES 1844 – Election of 1844
○ Become Mexican Citizens (Polk wins; J.Q. Adams opposes annexation)
○ Convert to Catholicism ● Election of 1844: Clay and Buren don’t want
○ Pay Mexican taxes and don’t bring in to take a stand for annexation of TX
slaves ● Southern Democrats: Supported annexation
● Motives: wanted Americans to act as a buffer and best candidate was James K Polk
between the violent Native tribes
(Comanchee) 1845 – Texas Annexed
● Promised them cheap land and four year ● Arguments whether it should be admitted
exemption from taxes, but later made them as a slave state as North argued balance
pay would be unbalanced
1821–1835 – Stephen F. Austin leads settlement 1845 – John O’Sullivan coins “Manifest Destiny”
● Invited by Mexicans to develop the land of ● Manifest Destiny in order to state God have
Texas given people the opportunity to expand
● People wanted to not pay taxes even though across the continent
they promised they would AND bring slavery
○ People wanted autonomy and 1846 – “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight” over Oregon
protection of slavery boundary
● Tejanos allied with Texans (Juan Seguin) ● US and Britain both claimed Oregon territory
○ But after, Americans didn’t trust ● “54, 40” was the point that Unions wanted
them and led many of them out of the line to be at.
the new republic, or lived in poor ● Eventually British accepted the 49 parallel
status proposal where it remains today
1835–1836 – Santa Anna becomes dictator
● Santa Anna seized power as a dictator after Mexican-American War Era
American overflow that wanted autonomy
● New law increased powers of national James Polk
government over the state ● Austere and severe (big workaholic)
○ Immigration restrictions ● Militant Temperance believer. Never went to
○ Antislavery parties, Protestant, Presbyterian person.
○ Increase military presence ● Pro slavery, from Tennessee
● His wife banned cards, alcohol, no dancing
1836 – Alamo (Crockett, Bowie) 1846 – Polk’s War begins
● Jim Bowie: famous for his knife. Was a slave ● PROMISES
trader. He also stole money. ○ Lower tariffs
● Davy Crockett: backwoods persona, opposed ○ Re-establish Van Buren’s
Indian Removal Act. Independent Treasury
● William Travis: part of war dog party. “Victory ○ Acquire Oregon Territory
or Death” letter ○ Annex Texas
● 185 Americans (many ran away) versus 6,000 ● MOTIVES
Mexicans ○ California
○ New Mexico
○ The Southwest
○ Full control of Texas
