Medsurg 242 Unit 4
Galen/Kronenthal 2026 Expert
Verified | Ace the Test
What is filtration? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The movement of fluid through a cell or
blood vessel caused by hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of
the membrane.
What is hydrostatic pressure? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Force that pushes water
outward from confined space through membrane
What determines the pressure in any body fluid space? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Amount of water
,Edema - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Develops with changes in normal hydrostatic
pressure differences
Diffusion - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Free movement of particles (solute) across
permeable membrane from higher to lower concentration
Important for most electrolytes
Sodium pumps
Osmosis and filtration - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Act together at capillary membrane
to maintain normal ECF and ICF volumes
Ex. thirst mechanism
Hormonal regulation of fluid balance - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
Natriuretic peptides
Renin-angiotensin II pathway - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Blood (plasma) volume and
intracellular fluid most important to keep in balance
Kidneys are major regulator of water and sodium balance; maintain blood
and perfusion pressure to all tissues/organs
When the kidneys sense a low parameter, they secrete renin
, Renin-angiotensin II pathway is greatly stimulated with shock, or when
stress response is stimulated
ACE Inhibitors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Disrupt renin-angiotensin II pathway by
reducing amount of ACE produced
> angiotensin II = less vasoconstriction and reduced peripheral resistance,
lowers B/P
Greater excretion of water and sodium in urine
Pt with HTN often take
Dehydration - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔fluid intake of the body is not sufficient to
meet the fluid needs of the body = fluid volume deficit
Dehydration assessment - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Physical assessment
Pt safety
Pulmonary congestion or edema, flash pulmonary edema can occur fast
Drug therapy
Nutrition therapy - monitor sodium
Monitor I&O
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Galen/Kronenthal 2026 Expert
Verified | Ace the Test
What is filtration? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The movement of fluid through a cell or
blood vessel caused by hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of
the membrane.
What is hydrostatic pressure? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Force that pushes water
outward from confined space through membrane
What determines the pressure in any body fluid space? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Amount of water
,Edema - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Develops with changes in normal hydrostatic
pressure differences
Diffusion - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Free movement of particles (solute) across
permeable membrane from higher to lower concentration
Important for most electrolytes
Sodium pumps
Osmosis and filtration - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Act together at capillary membrane
to maintain normal ECF and ICF volumes
Ex. thirst mechanism
Hormonal regulation of fluid balance - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
Natriuretic peptides
Renin-angiotensin II pathway - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Blood (plasma) volume and
intracellular fluid most important to keep in balance
Kidneys are major regulator of water and sodium balance; maintain blood
and perfusion pressure to all tissues/organs
When the kidneys sense a low parameter, they secrete renin
, Renin-angiotensin II pathway is greatly stimulated with shock, or when
stress response is stimulated
ACE Inhibitors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Disrupt renin-angiotensin II pathway by
reducing amount of ACE produced
> angiotensin II = less vasoconstriction and reduced peripheral resistance,
lowers B/P
Greater excretion of water and sodium in urine
Pt with HTN often take
Dehydration - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔fluid intake of the body is not sufficient to
meet the fluid needs of the body = fluid volume deficit
Dehydration assessment - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Physical assessment
Pt safety
Pulmonary congestion or edema, flash pulmonary edema can occur fast
Drug therapy
Nutrition therapy - monitor sodium
Monitor I&O
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
