APHY 101 IVY TECH LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS SCORED A+
✔✔myosin - ✔✔a fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments
of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells-- THICK
✔✔neuromuscular junction - ✔✔the site of communication between motor nerve axons
and muscle fibres
✔✔sarcolemma - ✔✔fine transparent tubular sheath that envelops the fibers of skeletal
muscles
✔✔sarcomere - ✔✔a structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark
band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band
✔✔sarcoplasmic reticulum - ✔✔specialized type of smooth ER that regulates the
calcium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells
✔✔transverse tubules - ✔✔deep invagination of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma
membrane of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow
depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell
✔✔origin - ✔✔immobile end
✔✔insertion - ✔✔movable end
✔✔prime mover - ✔✔primarily responsible for movement
✔✔synergists - ✔✔assist prime mover
✔✔antagonists - ✔✔resist prime movers action and cause movement in the opposite
direction of prime mover
✔✔how does a muscle contraction happen - ✔✔Most all muscle contractions begin with
a signal called an action potential along a motor neuron that crosses the synaptic gap at
the neuromuscluar junction and then gets propogated along the sarcoplasmic reticulum
and the T-tubules inside of a muscle cell. This releases calcium so it can attach to the
actin by opening the troponin-tropomyosin attachment sites for the myosin heads. With
the help of ATP, the myosin heads form cross-bridges to the actin myofilaments and pull
the Z-lines closer together which makes the sarcomeres shorter, thereby contracting the
muscle cells
✔✔What is CNS? PNS? - ✔✔brain, spinal cord
, ✔✔PNS? - ✔✔cranial and spinal nerves
✔✔autonomic - ✔✔responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously
directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes
✔✔somatic - ✔✔part of the peripheral nervous system associated with skeletal muscle
voluntary control of body movements
✔✔basic parts of a neuron - ✔✔dendrites, cell body, axon
✔✔functional classifications of neurons - ✔✔motor, sensory, integrative
✔✔function of spinal cord - ✔✔transmission of neural signals between the brain and the
rest of the body
✔✔ascending tracts - ✔✔Carry sensory info to the brain (with three neurons), from
receptor to the somatosensory cortex
✔✔descending tracts - ✔✔pathways by which motor signals are sent from the brain to
lower motor neurones. The lower motor neurones then directly innervate muscles to
produce movement
✔✔lobes - ✔✔division of brain
✔✔fissures - ✔✔deep groove
✔✔convolutions/gyri - ✔✔bumps
✔✔sulci - ✔✔grooves in gray matter
✔✔basic functions of cerebrum - ✔✔interpreting impulses, intiating voluntary
movement, storing information as memory, retrieving stored information, reasoning,
seat of intelligence and personality
✔✔basic function of frontal lobe - ✔✔higher intellectual processes, concentration,
planning, complex problem solving, judging consequences of behavior, movement of
voluntary skeletal muscle
✔✔basic function of parietal love - ✔✔provide sensations of temperature, touch,
pressure, pain, understanding speech and using words to express thoughts and feelings
✔✔basic function of temporal lobe - ✔✔hearing, interpret sensory experiences, remeber
visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns
AND SOLUTIONS SCORED A+
✔✔myosin - ✔✔a fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments
of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells-- THICK
✔✔neuromuscular junction - ✔✔the site of communication between motor nerve axons
and muscle fibres
✔✔sarcolemma - ✔✔fine transparent tubular sheath that envelops the fibers of skeletal
muscles
✔✔sarcomere - ✔✔a structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark
band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band
✔✔sarcoplasmic reticulum - ✔✔specialized type of smooth ER that regulates the
calcium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells
✔✔transverse tubules - ✔✔deep invagination of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma
membrane of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow
depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell
✔✔origin - ✔✔immobile end
✔✔insertion - ✔✔movable end
✔✔prime mover - ✔✔primarily responsible for movement
✔✔synergists - ✔✔assist prime mover
✔✔antagonists - ✔✔resist prime movers action and cause movement in the opposite
direction of prime mover
✔✔how does a muscle contraction happen - ✔✔Most all muscle contractions begin with
a signal called an action potential along a motor neuron that crosses the synaptic gap at
the neuromuscluar junction and then gets propogated along the sarcoplasmic reticulum
and the T-tubules inside of a muscle cell. This releases calcium so it can attach to the
actin by opening the troponin-tropomyosin attachment sites for the myosin heads. With
the help of ATP, the myosin heads form cross-bridges to the actin myofilaments and pull
the Z-lines closer together which makes the sarcomeres shorter, thereby contracting the
muscle cells
✔✔What is CNS? PNS? - ✔✔brain, spinal cord
, ✔✔PNS? - ✔✔cranial and spinal nerves
✔✔autonomic - ✔✔responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously
directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes
✔✔somatic - ✔✔part of the peripheral nervous system associated with skeletal muscle
voluntary control of body movements
✔✔basic parts of a neuron - ✔✔dendrites, cell body, axon
✔✔functional classifications of neurons - ✔✔motor, sensory, integrative
✔✔function of spinal cord - ✔✔transmission of neural signals between the brain and the
rest of the body
✔✔ascending tracts - ✔✔Carry sensory info to the brain (with three neurons), from
receptor to the somatosensory cortex
✔✔descending tracts - ✔✔pathways by which motor signals are sent from the brain to
lower motor neurones. The lower motor neurones then directly innervate muscles to
produce movement
✔✔lobes - ✔✔division of brain
✔✔fissures - ✔✔deep groove
✔✔convolutions/gyri - ✔✔bumps
✔✔sulci - ✔✔grooves in gray matter
✔✔basic functions of cerebrum - ✔✔interpreting impulses, intiating voluntary
movement, storing information as memory, retrieving stored information, reasoning,
seat of intelligence and personality
✔✔basic function of frontal lobe - ✔✔higher intellectual processes, concentration,
planning, complex problem solving, judging consequences of behavior, movement of
voluntary skeletal muscle
✔✔basic function of parietal love - ✔✔provide sensations of temperature, touch,
pressure, pain, understanding speech and using words to express thoughts and feelings
✔✔basic function of temporal lobe - ✔✔hearing, interpret sensory experiences, remeber
visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns
