NES SECONDARY PROFESSIONAL
KNOWLEDGE TEST PAPER 2026 FULL
SOLUTION VERIFIED
◉ Theory: What does Erikson's theory suggest about secondary
students? Answer: Competence: Industry vs. inferiority (ages 5~12)
Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 13~19)
◉ Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on
Erikson's theory? Answer: Help students explore identity, beliefs,
careers, and responsibilities. Model career choices. Help students
find resources to work out personal problems. Give many "second
chances"
◉ Theory: What is Piaget's theory? Answer: Theory of Cognitive
Development -
Infants are born with sensory and reflexive skills that they use to
engage the environment and ultimately construct mental
representations of it
◉ Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary
students? Answer: -Concrete Operational (ages 7~11) time, space,
and quantity are understood and can be applied but not as
independent concepts
,-Formal Operations (age 11+) theoretical, hypothetical, and
counterfactual thinking,
abstract logic and reasoning
◉ Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Piaget's
theory? Answer: Concrete Operational Student: use props, visual
aids, manipulatives, well-organized presentation, use familiar
examples
Formal Operational Student: continue to use concrete operational
teaching, hypothetical questions, scientific reasoning, teach broad
concepts not just facts, inwards reflection
◉ Theory: What is Vygotsky's Theory? Answer: Social Development
Theory - children's thought structures develop through interaction
with individuals in their environments, informed by the culture in
which they live
◉ Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary
students? Answer: Work within students' ZPD
◉ Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on
Vygotsky's theory? Answer: -Scaffolding
,-accessibility to tools that support thinking
-build on cultural funds of knowledge
-utilize dialogue and learning groups
◉ Vocabulary: Scaffolding Answer: providing sufficient support to
promote learning when concepts and skills are being first
introduced to students.
Might include:
-resources
-a compelling task
-templates and guides
-guidance on the development of cognitive and social skills
◉ Vocabulary: ZPD Answer: The zone of proximal development
(ZPD) is the difference between what a learner can do without help
and what they can do with help
◉ Theory: What is Kohlberg's Theory? Answer: Stages of Moral
Development -
Moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable
developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral
dilemmas than its predecessor
, ◉ Theory: What does Kohlberg's Theory suggest about secondary
students? Answer: Secondary students will fall somewhere in these
levels:
-Interpersonal accord and conformity
-Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
-Social contract orientation
◉ Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on
Kohlberg's theory? Answer: Help students:
examine their dilemmas, see others' perspectives, help students
really listen to each other, and ensure your class reflects concern for
moral issues and values
◉ Development: What 3 areas of development occur in secondary
students? Answer: 1) Physical/biological
2) Cognitive
3) Socioemotional (including moral)
◉ Development: How does development contribute to early
adolescent's (10~14) behavior? Answer: -adolescents seeking peers
with similar values and recognition/attention/status
KNOWLEDGE TEST PAPER 2026 FULL
SOLUTION VERIFIED
◉ Theory: What does Erikson's theory suggest about secondary
students? Answer: Competence: Industry vs. inferiority (ages 5~12)
Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 13~19)
◉ Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on
Erikson's theory? Answer: Help students explore identity, beliefs,
careers, and responsibilities. Model career choices. Help students
find resources to work out personal problems. Give many "second
chances"
◉ Theory: What is Piaget's theory? Answer: Theory of Cognitive
Development -
Infants are born with sensory and reflexive skills that they use to
engage the environment and ultimately construct mental
representations of it
◉ Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary
students? Answer: -Concrete Operational (ages 7~11) time, space,
and quantity are understood and can be applied but not as
independent concepts
,-Formal Operations (age 11+) theoretical, hypothetical, and
counterfactual thinking,
abstract logic and reasoning
◉ Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Piaget's
theory? Answer: Concrete Operational Student: use props, visual
aids, manipulatives, well-organized presentation, use familiar
examples
Formal Operational Student: continue to use concrete operational
teaching, hypothetical questions, scientific reasoning, teach broad
concepts not just facts, inwards reflection
◉ Theory: What is Vygotsky's Theory? Answer: Social Development
Theory - children's thought structures develop through interaction
with individuals in their environments, informed by the culture in
which they live
◉ Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary
students? Answer: Work within students' ZPD
◉ Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on
Vygotsky's theory? Answer: -Scaffolding
,-accessibility to tools that support thinking
-build on cultural funds of knowledge
-utilize dialogue and learning groups
◉ Vocabulary: Scaffolding Answer: providing sufficient support to
promote learning when concepts and skills are being first
introduced to students.
Might include:
-resources
-a compelling task
-templates and guides
-guidance on the development of cognitive and social skills
◉ Vocabulary: ZPD Answer: The zone of proximal development
(ZPD) is the difference between what a learner can do without help
and what they can do with help
◉ Theory: What is Kohlberg's Theory? Answer: Stages of Moral
Development -
Moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable
developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral
dilemmas than its predecessor
, ◉ Theory: What does Kohlberg's Theory suggest about secondary
students? Answer: Secondary students will fall somewhere in these
levels:
-Interpersonal accord and conformity
-Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
-Social contract orientation
◉ Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on
Kohlberg's theory? Answer: Help students:
examine their dilemmas, see others' perspectives, help students
really listen to each other, and ensure your class reflects concern for
moral issues and values
◉ Development: What 3 areas of development occur in secondary
students? Answer: 1) Physical/biological
2) Cognitive
3) Socioemotional (including moral)
◉ Development: How does development contribute to early
adolescent's (10~14) behavior? Answer: -adolescents seeking peers
with similar values and recognition/attention/status
