GMS 6504 STUDY GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SCORED A+
✔✔Steroid class receptors - ✔✔GR, MR, PR, AR, ER
✔✔RXR partnered receptors - ✔✔TR, RAR, VDR, PPAR, a, b, y
✔✔Orphan receptors - ✔✔COUP-TF, HNF-4
✔✔Steroid receptor ligands - ✔✔Steroids
✔✔RXR partnered ligands - ✔✔9-Cis RA + X
✔✔Additional receptors signaling mechanisms - ✔✔Nitric oxide receptors
The Notch signaling pathway
✔✔NO receptors - ✔✔The signaling functions of NO begin with its
binding to protein receptors on or in the cell. The
binding sites can be either:
• a metal ion in the protein or
• one of its S atoms (e.g., on cysteine).
• In either case, binding triggers an allosteric chance
in the protein which, in turn, triggers the formation
of a "second messenger" within the cell. The most
common protein target for NO is soluble guanylyl
cyclase, an enzyme that generates the second
messenger cGMP.
✔✔Notch signaling pathway - ✔✔Ligand recognition
Metalloprotease cleavage
Intramembrane cleavage
Nuclear translocation
Transcriptional activation
✔✔TGF-B induced signal transduction - ✔✔Ligand
Receptors
Smad transcriptional regulators
✔✔DPP - ✔✔Type II receptor- PUNT
Type I receptor- Tkv, Sax
Pathway Restricted Smad- Mad
Common mediator Smad- Medea
✔✔BMP2/4 and BMP7 - ✔✔Type II receptors- BMPRII, ActRII, ActRIIB
Type I receptors- BMPRIA, BMPRIB, ActRIA, TSRI
, Pathway restricted Smads- Smad 1,5,8,9
Common mediator Smads- Smad 4
✔✔Activin - ✔✔Type II receptors- ActRII, ActRIIB
Type I receptors- ActRIA, ActRIB, TSRI
Pathway restricted Smads- Smad 2 & 3
Common mediator Smads- Smad 4
✔✔TGFB 1,2,3 - ✔✔Type II receptors- TBRII
Type I receptors- TBRI, TSRI
Pathway restricted Smads- Smads 2 & 3
Common mediator Smads- Smad 4
✔✔MIS - ✔✔Type II receptor- AMHR
✔✔BMP2 subfamily - ✔✔Gastrulation, neurogenesis, chondrogenesis, interdigital
apoptosis, mesoderm patterning
✔✔BMP5 subfamily - ✔✔Development, neurogenesis
✔✔GDF5 subfamily - ✔✔Chondrogenesis in developing limbs
✔✔BMP3 subfamily - ✔✔Osteogenic differentiation, monocyte chemotaxis
✔✔Activin subfamily - ✔✔FSH production, erythroid cell differentiation, mesoderm
induction
✔✔TGF-beta subfamily - ✔✔cell cycle arrest in epithelial and hematopoietic cells,
mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation, wound healing, ECM production and
modulation, angiogenesis, chemotaxis, invasion, immunosuppression, apoptosis
✔✔R-Smads - ✔✔Receptor activated
signal transducing
phosphorylated by type I receptor
1,2,3,5,8,9
✔✔Co-Smads - ✔✔Common mediator
Smad4/DPC4
✔✔I-Smads - ✔✔Inhibitory
block binding to type I receptor or Smad4
6,7, Xsmad8
✔✔MH1 Domain - ✔✔DNA binding
SCORED A+
✔✔Steroid class receptors - ✔✔GR, MR, PR, AR, ER
✔✔RXR partnered receptors - ✔✔TR, RAR, VDR, PPAR, a, b, y
✔✔Orphan receptors - ✔✔COUP-TF, HNF-4
✔✔Steroid receptor ligands - ✔✔Steroids
✔✔RXR partnered ligands - ✔✔9-Cis RA + X
✔✔Additional receptors signaling mechanisms - ✔✔Nitric oxide receptors
The Notch signaling pathway
✔✔NO receptors - ✔✔The signaling functions of NO begin with its
binding to protein receptors on or in the cell. The
binding sites can be either:
• a metal ion in the protein or
• one of its S atoms (e.g., on cysteine).
• In either case, binding triggers an allosteric chance
in the protein which, in turn, triggers the formation
of a "second messenger" within the cell. The most
common protein target for NO is soluble guanylyl
cyclase, an enzyme that generates the second
messenger cGMP.
✔✔Notch signaling pathway - ✔✔Ligand recognition
Metalloprotease cleavage
Intramembrane cleavage
Nuclear translocation
Transcriptional activation
✔✔TGF-B induced signal transduction - ✔✔Ligand
Receptors
Smad transcriptional regulators
✔✔DPP - ✔✔Type II receptor- PUNT
Type I receptor- Tkv, Sax
Pathway Restricted Smad- Mad
Common mediator Smad- Medea
✔✔BMP2/4 and BMP7 - ✔✔Type II receptors- BMPRII, ActRII, ActRIIB
Type I receptors- BMPRIA, BMPRIB, ActRIA, TSRI
, Pathway restricted Smads- Smad 1,5,8,9
Common mediator Smads- Smad 4
✔✔Activin - ✔✔Type II receptors- ActRII, ActRIIB
Type I receptors- ActRIA, ActRIB, TSRI
Pathway restricted Smads- Smad 2 & 3
Common mediator Smads- Smad 4
✔✔TGFB 1,2,3 - ✔✔Type II receptors- TBRII
Type I receptors- TBRI, TSRI
Pathway restricted Smads- Smads 2 & 3
Common mediator Smads- Smad 4
✔✔MIS - ✔✔Type II receptor- AMHR
✔✔BMP2 subfamily - ✔✔Gastrulation, neurogenesis, chondrogenesis, interdigital
apoptosis, mesoderm patterning
✔✔BMP5 subfamily - ✔✔Development, neurogenesis
✔✔GDF5 subfamily - ✔✔Chondrogenesis in developing limbs
✔✔BMP3 subfamily - ✔✔Osteogenic differentiation, monocyte chemotaxis
✔✔Activin subfamily - ✔✔FSH production, erythroid cell differentiation, mesoderm
induction
✔✔TGF-beta subfamily - ✔✔cell cycle arrest in epithelial and hematopoietic cells,
mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation, wound healing, ECM production and
modulation, angiogenesis, chemotaxis, invasion, immunosuppression, apoptosis
✔✔R-Smads - ✔✔Receptor activated
signal transducing
phosphorylated by type I receptor
1,2,3,5,8,9
✔✔Co-Smads - ✔✔Common mediator
Smad4/DPC4
✔✔I-Smads - ✔✔Inhibitory
block binding to type I receptor or Smad4
6,7, Xsmad8
✔✔MH1 Domain - ✔✔DNA binding
