NURS 6620 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST

NURS 6620 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 2026 A healthcare professional is caring for four patients with cancer. Which patient does the professional educate about brachytherapy? - CORRECT ANSWERb.Cervical Radiation sources, such as small 125I-labeled capsules (also called seeds), can also be temporarily placed into body cavities, a delivery method termed brachytherapy. Brachytherapy is useful in the treatment of cervical, prostate, and head and neck cancers. Brachytherapy is not used in the treatment of the other cancers. A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for hyperkalemia or hypermagnesmia? - CORRECT ANSWERc.Renal failure Hyperkalemia should be investigated when a history of renal disease, massive trauma, insulin deficiency, Addison disease, use of potassium salt substitutes, or metabolic acidosis exists. Hyperparathyroidism might lead to hyperphosphatemia. Vomiting is frequently associated with potassium depletion. Hyperaldosteronism also can lead to potassium wasting. Renal failure usually causes hypermagnesemia, in which magnesium concentration is greater than 2.5 mEq/L. Hypermagnesemia is not a result of the other options. A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between what? - CORRECT ANSWERIntracellular and extracellular K+ The ratio of K+ in theICF to K+ in the ECF is the major determinant of the resting membrane potential, which is necessary for the transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, for the maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms, and for the skeletal and smooth muscle contraction. This is not true of the other options. A person with 47, XXY karyotype has the genetic disorder resulting in which syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWERKlinefelter A disorder in the chromosome (47, XXY karyotype) results in a disorder known as Klinefelter syndrome. Turner syndrome has a karyotype of 45, X. Down syndrome is caused by Trisomy 21. Fragile X syndrome is caused by microscopically observable breaks and gaps in the X chromosome. An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when he or she has a seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody? - CORRECT ANSWERIgA The IgA molecules found in bodily secretions are dimers anchored together through a J chain and secretory piece. This secretory piece is attached to the IgA antibodies inside the mucosal epithelial cells and may function to protect these immunoglobulin antibodies against degradation by enzymes also found in the secretions, thus decreasing the risk of infections in the mucous membrane. The other options do not accurately identify the immunoglobulin antibody involved in mucous membrane infections. Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes? - CORRECT ANSWERCells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. These early stage cancers are localized to the epithelium and have not broken through the local basement membrane or invaded the surrounding tissue. Dysplasia refers to changes in mature cell structure. During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm? - CORRECT ANSWERSmooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors results in bronchospasms. The bronchospasm is not caused by edema or by histamine binding to H2 receptors. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur? - CORRECT ANSWERb.Sodium chloride enters the cell. In hypoxic injury, movement of fluid and ions into the cell is associated with acute failure of metabolism and a loss of ATP production. Normally, the pump that transports sodium ions out of the cell is maintained by the presence of ATP and ATPase, the active transport enzyme. In metabolic failure caused by hypoxia, reduced ATP and ATPase levels permit sodium to accumulate in the cell, whereas potassium diffuses outward. The increase of intracellular sodium increases osmotic pressure, which draws more water into the cell. (Transport mechanisms are described in Chapter 1.) The remaining options do not accurately describe the cell injury that results in increased osmotic pressure caused by hypoxia. Fusion is the step of phagocytosis during which what happens? - CORRECT ANSWERLysosomal granules enter the phagocyte. Fusion occurs with lysosomal granules entering the phagocyte (phagolysosome). Fusion does not include killing and digesting microorganisms, forming vacuoles, or ingesting microorganisms. How do free radicals cause cell damage? - CORRECT ANSWERa.Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, the molecule gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore it is capable of forming injurious chemical bonds with proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates-key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids. Free radical damage is not caused by hypoxia, lysosomal enzymes, or transferring atoms. How does the B-cell receptor (BCR) complex function? - CORRECT ANSWERCommunicating information about the antigen to the cell nucleus The role of the BCR is to recognize the antigen; however, unlike circulating antibodies, the receptor must communicate that information to the cell's nucleus. The BCR does not communicate information about the antigen to the helper T cell or secrete chemical signals to communicate between cells. The release of histamine and other vasoactive substances is part of inflammation, not adaptive immunity. How is hypersensitivity best defined? - CORRECT ANSWERAn altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in adverse clinical symptoms that can be severe Hypersensitivity is an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host. Autoimmunity is a disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens. Alloimmunity is the immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another person. An immune deficiency of some type would cause undetectable immune response in the presence of antigens. In childhood neuroblastoma, the N-myc oncogene undergoes which type of mutation of normal gene to oncogene? - CORRECT ANSWERGene amplification Amplifications are the result of the duplication of a small piece of a chromosome over and over again; consequently, instead of the normal two copies of a gene, tens or even hundreds of copies are present. The N-myc oncogene is amplified in 25% of childhood neuroblastoma. In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming B cells? - CORRECT ANSWERBone marrow B lymphocytes mature and become B cells in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs-the thymus gland for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells. Neither regional lymph nodes nor the spleen are involved in changing B lymphocytes into B cells. Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) exist in what ratio? - CORRECT ANSWERb.20:1 The relationship between HCO3 and H2CO3 is usually expressed as a ratio. When the pH is 7.4, this ratio is 20:1 (HCO3:H2CO3). The other options do not accurately identify physiologic pH by the correct ratio of HCO3 and H2CO3. Regarding type 2 diabetes, obesity is considered (for most patients) what type of risk? - CORRECT ANSWERModifiable A modifiable risk is one a person can change in order to reduce risk. Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for many diseases including heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Genetic, empirical, and relative risks are not changeable by individuals in order to reduce their chance of developing diseases.