MGT 3301: Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
1. *Internal* Locus of Control Correct Answers they controls
what happens, master of own's destiny
1. Internal Attribution Correct Answers are characteristics of
the person led to the behavior --
1. Power Distance Correct Answers The extent to which a
society accepts inequality that power in institutions and
organizations is distributed unequally *Low* people expect
equality in power and *High* there's high inequality power
1. Unfreezing Correct Answers the stage of OD in which
participants are *made aware* of problems, to increase their
willingness to change their behavior
2. *External* Locus of Control Correct Answers controlled by
outside forces such as luck or chance
2. Changing Correct Answers the *intervention* stage of OD in
which individuals experiment with new workplace behavior
2. External Attribution Correct Answers says something about
the situation caused the person's behavior; something that was
not under her control
2. Individualism vs Collectivism Correct Answers
*Individualism* - The degree to which people prefer to act as
individuals rather than a member of groups; to act to promote
one's own long term interest
,*Collectivism* - a tight social framework in which people look
after one another and it's expect of others in groups
3. Masculinity vs Feminity Correct Answers a. *Masculinity* -
the extent to which the society values work roles of
achievement, power, control, heroism, assertiveness, work
centrality and material success
b. *Femininity* - society that values quality of life,
demonstrates concern for others; a cultural preference for
relationships, cooperation, group decision making, and quality
of life.
3. Refreezing Correct Answers the *reinforcement* stage of
OD in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitudes
and are rewarded for it by the organization
4. Uncertainty Avoidance Correct Answers The extent to which
a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations
and tries to avoid them and resulting support for beliefs that
promise certainty and conformity; Low C.A. means the people
have high tolerance for the unstructured, the unclear.
5. Long-term Orientation vs Short-term Orientation Correct
Answers *LO* - a national culture attribute that emphasizes the
future and high value on thrift and persistence ex. China &
Asian
*SO* - a national culture attribute that emphasizes the present
and the here and now; and a high value on meeting social
obligations ex. Russia & West countries
,Administrative / Descriptive Model Correct Answers this is
how we do actually make decisions, recognizes humans are not
rational nor logical; characterized by uncertainty, ambiguity,
satisficing, and bounded rationality
Another aspect is *intuition* which is quick decision making
based on past experiences = experience
Attitudes Correct Answers Evaluative statements that
predisposes a person to act in a certain way or concerning
*objects*, *people*, or *events* and broken into THREE
components
1. Cognitive -- think
2. Affective -- feel
3. Behavioral -- act
Attribution (3) Correct Answers are judgments about what
caused a person's behavior
1. Distinctiveness -- behavior is unusual
2. Consistency -- history of observed person
3. Consensus -- other's reponses
Attribution Theory Correct Answers When individuals observe
behavior, they attempt to *determine* WHY, whether it's
internally or externally caused; TWO Types
1. Internal Attribution
2. External Attribution
Authoritarianism Correct Answers the belief that power and
status differences *should exist* within the organization
, Balancing Conflict & Cooperation Correct Answers one of the
primary causes is competition over resources such as money,
information, or supplies, communication breakdowns; want to
*maximize task conflict* & *minimize relationship conflict*
Behavioral Theories of Leadership Correct Answers those
proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from non-
leaders
1. Behavioral Theory -- leadership behaviors can be taught
2. Trait Theory -- leaders are born, not made
Bounded Rationality Correct Answers the concept that people
have the time and cognitive ability to process only a limited
amount of information on which to base decisions
BRICS Emerging Economies (5) Correct Answers 1. Brazil
2. Russia
3. India
4. China
5. South Africa
CC --> DC --> SCA Correct Answers *CC* - Core
Competencies "What we do well"
*DC*-Distinctive Competencies "What we do differently"
*SCA*-Strategic Competitive Advantage which creates value
for customers
Centralization vs. Decentralization Correct Answers
*Centralization* the degree to which decision making is
concentrated at a single point in the organization
1. *Internal* Locus of Control Correct Answers they controls
what happens, master of own's destiny
1. Internal Attribution Correct Answers are characteristics of
the person led to the behavior --
1. Power Distance Correct Answers The extent to which a
society accepts inequality that power in institutions and
organizations is distributed unequally *Low* people expect
equality in power and *High* there's high inequality power
1. Unfreezing Correct Answers the stage of OD in which
participants are *made aware* of problems, to increase their
willingness to change their behavior
2. *External* Locus of Control Correct Answers controlled by
outside forces such as luck or chance
2. Changing Correct Answers the *intervention* stage of OD in
which individuals experiment with new workplace behavior
2. External Attribution Correct Answers says something about
the situation caused the person's behavior; something that was
not under her control
2. Individualism vs Collectivism Correct Answers
*Individualism* - The degree to which people prefer to act as
individuals rather than a member of groups; to act to promote
one's own long term interest
,*Collectivism* - a tight social framework in which people look
after one another and it's expect of others in groups
3. Masculinity vs Feminity Correct Answers a. *Masculinity* -
the extent to which the society values work roles of
achievement, power, control, heroism, assertiveness, work
centrality and material success
b. *Femininity* - society that values quality of life,
demonstrates concern for others; a cultural preference for
relationships, cooperation, group decision making, and quality
of life.
3. Refreezing Correct Answers the *reinforcement* stage of
OD in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitudes
and are rewarded for it by the organization
4. Uncertainty Avoidance Correct Answers The extent to which
a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations
and tries to avoid them and resulting support for beliefs that
promise certainty and conformity; Low C.A. means the people
have high tolerance for the unstructured, the unclear.
5. Long-term Orientation vs Short-term Orientation Correct
Answers *LO* - a national culture attribute that emphasizes the
future and high value on thrift and persistence ex. China &
Asian
*SO* - a national culture attribute that emphasizes the present
and the here and now; and a high value on meeting social
obligations ex. Russia & West countries
,Administrative / Descriptive Model Correct Answers this is
how we do actually make decisions, recognizes humans are not
rational nor logical; characterized by uncertainty, ambiguity,
satisficing, and bounded rationality
Another aspect is *intuition* which is quick decision making
based on past experiences = experience
Attitudes Correct Answers Evaluative statements that
predisposes a person to act in a certain way or concerning
*objects*, *people*, or *events* and broken into THREE
components
1. Cognitive -- think
2. Affective -- feel
3. Behavioral -- act
Attribution (3) Correct Answers are judgments about what
caused a person's behavior
1. Distinctiveness -- behavior is unusual
2. Consistency -- history of observed person
3. Consensus -- other's reponses
Attribution Theory Correct Answers When individuals observe
behavior, they attempt to *determine* WHY, whether it's
internally or externally caused; TWO Types
1. Internal Attribution
2. External Attribution
Authoritarianism Correct Answers the belief that power and
status differences *should exist* within the organization
, Balancing Conflict & Cooperation Correct Answers one of the
primary causes is competition over resources such as money,
information, or supplies, communication breakdowns; want to
*maximize task conflict* & *minimize relationship conflict*
Behavioral Theories of Leadership Correct Answers those
proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from non-
leaders
1. Behavioral Theory -- leadership behaviors can be taught
2. Trait Theory -- leaders are born, not made
Bounded Rationality Correct Answers the concept that people
have the time and cognitive ability to process only a limited
amount of information on which to base decisions
BRICS Emerging Economies (5) Correct Answers 1. Brazil
2. Russia
3. India
4. China
5. South Africa
CC --> DC --> SCA Correct Answers *CC* - Core
Competencies "What we do well"
*DC*-Distinctive Competencies "What we do differently"
*SCA*-Strategic Competitive Advantage which creates value
for customers
Centralization vs. Decentralization Correct Answers
*Centralization* the degree to which decision making is
concentrated at a single point in the organization
