NURS 4506 - TEST 1 (PART 2) (WEEK 3
POSTOPERATIVE CARE)(WEEK 4
ASTHMA AND COPD) QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Asthma
• Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
• Inflammation causes varying degrees of obstruction in the
airways leading to
• wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough.
Pathophysiology of Asthma
Allergen
↓
Activation of mast cells
↓
Release of inflammatory mediators
Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes & prostaglandins
↓
Inflammation of bronchial smooth muscle
↓
Bronchospasm, ↑ mucus secretion, edema, wheezing, cough,
chest tightness, dyspnea
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : Smoke
,· Exposure to any smoke of any kind can be harmful
· Associated with onset of asthma symptoms
· Faster decline in lung function
· Increased disease severity
· More frequent visits to health care providers
· Decrease response to treatment
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : Exercise
· Acute airway narrowing that is induced or exacerbated during
physical exertions
· Typically occurs after, not during, vigorous exercise
· More pronounced in cold & dry air
· Characterized by bronchospasm causing SOB, cough, wheeze,
chest tightness
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : Respiratory Infections
· Are among the most common triggers of worsening asthma
· Cause increased inflammation
· Hand hygiene
· Annual influenza vaccines
Triggers of Asthma Attacks: Indigenous Communities
· Poor housing conditions
· Overcrowding
· High rates of indoor tobacco use
· Dampness & mold
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : Asthma Triad
, · Nasal polyps, asthma & sensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid
(ASA)
Wheezing develops within 2 hours after ingestion
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : B adrenergic blockers
· May trigger episodes because they induce bronchospasm
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : ACE Inhibitors
· May induce cough→ worsening asthma symptoms
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : GERD
· Exact mechanism is unknown
· Possible reflux of acid could be aspirated into lungs, causing
bronchoconstriction.
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : Air pollutants
· Wood smoke, vehicle exhaust, ozone levels
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : Emotional Stress
Can lead to hyperventilation and hypocapnia which can cause
airway narrowing
Asthma : Clinical Manifestations
Asthma has an unpredictable, episodic & variable course.
• Breathlessness
• Chest tightness
• Wheezing
• Cough
• Dyspnea
• Prolonged expiration
POSTOPERATIVE CARE)(WEEK 4
ASTHMA AND COPD) QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Asthma
• Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
• Inflammation causes varying degrees of obstruction in the
airways leading to
• wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough.
Pathophysiology of Asthma
Allergen
↓
Activation of mast cells
↓
Release of inflammatory mediators
Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes & prostaglandins
↓
Inflammation of bronchial smooth muscle
↓
Bronchospasm, ↑ mucus secretion, edema, wheezing, cough,
chest tightness, dyspnea
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : Smoke
,· Exposure to any smoke of any kind can be harmful
· Associated with onset of asthma symptoms
· Faster decline in lung function
· Increased disease severity
· More frequent visits to health care providers
· Decrease response to treatment
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : Exercise
· Acute airway narrowing that is induced or exacerbated during
physical exertions
· Typically occurs after, not during, vigorous exercise
· More pronounced in cold & dry air
· Characterized by bronchospasm causing SOB, cough, wheeze,
chest tightness
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : Respiratory Infections
· Are among the most common triggers of worsening asthma
· Cause increased inflammation
· Hand hygiene
· Annual influenza vaccines
Triggers of Asthma Attacks: Indigenous Communities
· Poor housing conditions
· Overcrowding
· High rates of indoor tobacco use
· Dampness & mold
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : Asthma Triad
, · Nasal polyps, asthma & sensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid
(ASA)
Wheezing develops within 2 hours after ingestion
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : B adrenergic blockers
· May trigger episodes because they induce bronchospasm
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : ACE Inhibitors
· May induce cough→ worsening asthma symptoms
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : GERD
· Exact mechanism is unknown
· Possible reflux of acid could be aspirated into lungs, causing
bronchoconstriction.
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : Air pollutants
· Wood smoke, vehicle exhaust, ozone levels
Triggers of Asthma Attacks : Emotional Stress
Can lead to hyperventilation and hypocapnia which can cause
airway narrowing
Asthma : Clinical Manifestations
Asthma has an unpredictable, episodic & variable course.
• Breathlessness
• Chest tightness
• Wheezing
• Cough
• Dyspnea
• Prolonged expiration
