EVR – Final Exam | Complete Study Guide
on Population Growth, Sustainability,
Scientific Reasoning & Energy|Verified
Questions Provided with A+ Graded
Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Human population growth
Stage 1: hunters and gatherers, < a few million
Stage 2: rise of agriculture, 200 mil
Stage 3: industrial revolution, 3 bil
Stage 4: current, 8 bil
An urbanizing world
•Worldwide cities are growing rapidly
•Positives & negatives for the environment
Scientific theories
Scientific knowledge is always being challenged (mainly by scientists)
Theories can be disproven, but never proven
the scientific method
Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Collection, Conclusion, and Retest (if needed)
deductive reasoning
Involves reasoning from initial definitions and assumptions. If 1 = 2 (premise)
And 2 = 3 (premise)
Then 1 = 3 (conclusion)
inductive reasoning
Generalizations based on a number of observations
exponential growth
Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
logistic growth
, S-shaped curve. Reaches an upper population limit at the logistic carrying capacity where
growth rate = 0
Demographic transitions
a dramatic change in birth and death rates
sustainability
The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be
maintained
oxygen
Oxygen is a key factor in the habitability of planets and is essential for the existence of life on
Earth.
liquid water
-forms the basis of all life forms on earth
-able to dissolve many substances
positive feedback
An increase in output leads to a further increase in the output
negative feedback
an increase in output leads to a later decrease
residence time
How long, on average, a quantity of something will remain in a reservoir of a system
Linear flow
if you add the same amount of anything to a compartment in a system, the change will always
be the same
nonlinear flow
the effect of adding a specific amount of something changes, depending on how much has
been added before
lag time
the delay between a cause and the appearance of its effect
nuclear energy
on Population Growth, Sustainability,
Scientific Reasoning & Energy|Verified
Questions Provided with A+ Graded
Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Human population growth
Stage 1: hunters and gatherers, < a few million
Stage 2: rise of agriculture, 200 mil
Stage 3: industrial revolution, 3 bil
Stage 4: current, 8 bil
An urbanizing world
•Worldwide cities are growing rapidly
•Positives & negatives for the environment
Scientific theories
Scientific knowledge is always being challenged (mainly by scientists)
Theories can be disproven, but never proven
the scientific method
Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Collection, Conclusion, and Retest (if needed)
deductive reasoning
Involves reasoning from initial definitions and assumptions. If 1 = 2 (premise)
And 2 = 3 (premise)
Then 1 = 3 (conclusion)
inductive reasoning
Generalizations based on a number of observations
exponential growth
Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
logistic growth
, S-shaped curve. Reaches an upper population limit at the logistic carrying capacity where
growth rate = 0
Demographic transitions
a dramatic change in birth and death rates
sustainability
The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be
maintained
oxygen
Oxygen is a key factor in the habitability of planets and is essential for the existence of life on
Earth.
liquid water
-forms the basis of all life forms on earth
-able to dissolve many substances
positive feedback
An increase in output leads to a further increase in the output
negative feedback
an increase in output leads to a later decrease
residence time
How long, on average, a quantity of something will remain in a reservoir of a system
Linear flow
if you add the same amount of anything to a compartment in a system, the change will always
be the same
nonlinear flow
the effect of adding a specific amount of something changes, depending on how much has
been added before
lag time
the delay between a cause and the appearance of its effect
nuclear energy
