NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
VERIFIED AND WELL DETAILED ANSWERS | ALREADY HIGHLY RATED | LATEST EXAM
UPDATE
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell number
due to hormonal stimulation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B. Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia results from increased cell division, commonly seen in
hormone-responsive tissues such as the breast or endometrium.
2. Ischemic injury primarily leads to which form of cell death?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Autophagy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B. Necrosis
Rationale: Ischemia causes ATP depletion and membrane damage, leading to
uncontrolled cell death and inflammation characteristic of necrosis.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hyponatremia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypermagnesemia
Correct Answer: C. Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Elevated potassium alters cardiac membrane excitability,
increasing the risk of lethal arrhythmias.
,4. Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Results from ATP depletion
C. Is genetically programmed
D. Causes cell swelling
Correct Answer: C. Is genetically programmed
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent process without
inflammation.
5. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for acute phase protein
production in the liver?
A. IL-1
B. IL-6
C. TNF-α
D. IFN-γ
Correct Answer: B. IL-6
Rationale: IL-6 stimulates hepatic synthesis of acute-phase reactants such as
CRP and fibrinogen.
6. Which acid–base imbalance is caused by prolonged vomiting?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: C. Metabolic alkalosis
Rationale: Loss of gastric hydrochloric acid leads to increased serum
bicarbonate levels.
7. Which immunoglobulin is the first produced during an initial immune
response?
A. IgA
B. IgE
,C. IgG
D. IgM
Correct Answer: D. IgM
Rationale: IgM is the earliest antibody produced in a primary immune
response.
8. Which condition results from chronic hyperglycemia causing
microvascular damage?
A. Type 1 diabetes
B. Diabetic nephropathy
C. Insulin resistance
D. Metabolic syndrome
Correct Answer: B. Diabetic nephropathy
Rationale: Persistent hyperglycemia damages glomerular capillaries, leading
to nephropathy.
9. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) primarily functions
to:
A. Decrease blood pressure
B. Increase sodium excretion
C. Increase blood volume and pressure
D. Reduce sympathetic tone
Correct Answer: C. Increase blood volume and pressure
Rationale: RAAS promotes vasoconstriction and sodium retention to raise
blood pressure.
10. Which hormone directly increases renal calcium reabsorption?
A. Aldosterone
B. Calcitonin
C. Parathyroid hormone
D. Vitamin D
Correct Answer: C. Parathyroid hormone
Rationale: PTH increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and mobilizes
calcium from bone.
, 11. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with autoimmune
hemolytic anemia?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Correct Answer: B. Type II
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity involves antibody-mediated destruction of
cells.
12. Which condition most commonly leads to left ventricular hypertrophy?
A. Mitral regurgitation
B. Chronic hypertension
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Aortic stenosis
Correct Answer: B. Chronic hypertension
Rationale: Sustained pressure overload causes concentric LV hypertrophy.
13. Which lab finding is expected in metabolic acidosis?
A. Increased pH
B. Increased bicarbonate
C. Decreased pH
D. Decreased PaCO₂
Correct Answer: C. Decreased pH
Rationale: Metabolic acidosis is defined by a primary reduction in pH and
bicarbonate.
14. What is the primary mechanism of edema formation in heart failure?
A. Increased capillary permeability
B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
C. Increased hydrostatic pressure
D. Lymphatic obstruction
VERIFIED AND WELL DETAILED ANSWERS | ALREADY HIGHLY RATED | LATEST EXAM
UPDATE
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell number
due to hormonal stimulation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B. Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia results from increased cell division, commonly seen in
hormone-responsive tissues such as the breast or endometrium.
2. Ischemic injury primarily leads to which form of cell death?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Autophagy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B. Necrosis
Rationale: Ischemia causes ATP depletion and membrane damage, leading to
uncontrolled cell death and inflammation characteristic of necrosis.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hyponatremia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypermagnesemia
Correct Answer: C. Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Elevated potassium alters cardiac membrane excitability,
increasing the risk of lethal arrhythmias.
,4. Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Results from ATP depletion
C. Is genetically programmed
D. Causes cell swelling
Correct Answer: C. Is genetically programmed
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent process without
inflammation.
5. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for acute phase protein
production in the liver?
A. IL-1
B. IL-6
C. TNF-α
D. IFN-γ
Correct Answer: B. IL-6
Rationale: IL-6 stimulates hepatic synthesis of acute-phase reactants such as
CRP and fibrinogen.
6. Which acid–base imbalance is caused by prolonged vomiting?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: C. Metabolic alkalosis
Rationale: Loss of gastric hydrochloric acid leads to increased serum
bicarbonate levels.
7. Which immunoglobulin is the first produced during an initial immune
response?
A. IgA
B. IgE
,C. IgG
D. IgM
Correct Answer: D. IgM
Rationale: IgM is the earliest antibody produced in a primary immune
response.
8. Which condition results from chronic hyperglycemia causing
microvascular damage?
A. Type 1 diabetes
B. Diabetic nephropathy
C. Insulin resistance
D. Metabolic syndrome
Correct Answer: B. Diabetic nephropathy
Rationale: Persistent hyperglycemia damages glomerular capillaries, leading
to nephropathy.
9. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) primarily functions
to:
A. Decrease blood pressure
B. Increase sodium excretion
C. Increase blood volume and pressure
D. Reduce sympathetic tone
Correct Answer: C. Increase blood volume and pressure
Rationale: RAAS promotes vasoconstriction and sodium retention to raise
blood pressure.
10. Which hormone directly increases renal calcium reabsorption?
A. Aldosterone
B. Calcitonin
C. Parathyroid hormone
D. Vitamin D
Correct Answer: C. Parathyroid hormone
Rationale: PTH increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and mobilizes
calcium from bone.
, 11. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with autoimmune
hemolytic anemia?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Correct Answer: B. Type II
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity involves antibody-mediated destruction of
cells.
12. Which condition most commonly leads to left ventricular hypertrophy?
A. Mitral regurgitation
B. Chronic hypertension
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Aortic stenosis
Correct Answer: B. Chronic hypertension
Rationale: Sustained pressure overload causes concentric LV hypertrophy.
13. Which lab finding is expected in metabolic acidosis?
A. Increased pH
B. Increased bicarbonate
C. Decreased pH
D. Decreased PaCO₂
Correct Answer: C. Decreased pH
Rationale: Metabolic acidosis is defined by a primary reduction in pH and
bicarbonate.
14. What is the primary mechanism of edema formation in heart failure?
A. Increased capillary permeability
B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
C. Increased hydrostatic pressure
D. Lymphatic obstruction
