1
NUR 513 – PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM & FINAL
ACTUAL EXAM 2026-27 LATEST VERSION
Topics: Cellular & tissue dysfunction, Cardiovascular disorders,
Respiratory disorders, Endocrine disorders, Neurological
disorders, Renal & GI disorders
SECTION I: Cellular & Tissue Dysfunction (Q1–20)
1. Cellular injury from hypoxia occurs primarily due to:
A. Decreased ATP production
B. Excessive oxygen production
C. Hyperactivity of mitochondria
D. Overhydration
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypoxia limits ATP production, impairing cell
membrane pumps and causing injury.
2. Reversible cell injury includes:
A. Cellular swelling and fatty changes
B. Necrosis and apoptosis
C. Gangrene formation
D. Tissue scarring
,2
Answer: A
Rationale: Swelling and fatty changes can reverse if the stressor
is removed; necrosis is irreversible.
3. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because:
A. It is a programmed, controlled process
B. It always causes inflammation
C. It is accidental cell death
D. It is always pathological
Answer: A
Rationale: Apoptosis is a normal, regulated process of cell
elimination, often without inflammation.
4. Free radicals cause cell injury by:
A. Damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA
B. Enhancing ATP production
C. Reducing oxidative stress
D. Stabilizing membranes
Answer: A
Rationale: Reactive oxygen species destabilize cellular
components, leading to injury.
,3
5. Which cellular adaptation occurs in response to chronic
stress?
A. Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia
B. Immediate necrosis only
C. Only apoptosis
D. Permanent organ failure
Answer: A
Rationale: Cells adapt via size, number, or type changes to cope
with chronic stressors.
6. Ischemia primarily injures cells by:
A. Limiting oxygen and nutrient delivery
B. Increasing ATP supply
C. Enhancing waste removal
D. Reducing ROS
Answer: A
Rationale: Ischemia deprives tissue of oxygen and nutrients,
impairing metabolism and leading to injury.
7. Which ion imbalance occurs during cell injury?
A. Increased intracellular sodium and calcium
B. Decreased calcium only
, 4
C. Decreased sodium only
D. Increased potassium only
Answer: A
Rationale: ATP depletion impairs Na+/K+ pumps, causing
sodium and calcium accumulation, leading to swelling and
dysfunction.
8. Necrosis is characterized by:
A. Cell membrane rupture and inflammation
B. Programmed, controlled cell death
C. Recovery of cell function
D. No structural change
Answer: A
Rationale: Necrotic cells lose membrane integrity, triggering
inflammatory responses.
9. Coagulative necrosis is most commonly caused by:
A. Ischemia
B. Viral infection
C. Apoptosis
D. Autoimmune reaction
NUR 513 – PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM & FINAL
ACTUAL EXAM 2026-27 LATEST VERSION
Topics: Cellular & tissue dysfunction, Cardiovascular disorders,
Respiratory disorders, Endocrine disorders, Neurological
disorders, Renal & GI disorders
SECTION I: Cellular & Tissue Dysfunction (Q1–20)
1. Cellular injury from hypoxia occurs primarily due to:
A. Decreased ATP production
B. Excessive oxygen production
C. Hyperactivity of mitochondria
D. Overhydration
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypoxia limits ATP production, impairing cell
membrane pumps and causing injury.
2. Reversible cell injury includes:
A. Cellular swelling and fatty changes
B. Necrosis and apoptosis
C. Gangrene formation
D. Tissue scarring
,2
Answer: A
Rationale: Swelling and fatty changes can reverse if the stressor
is removed; necrosis is irreversible.
3. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because:
A. It is a programmed, controlled process
B. It always causes inflammation
C. It is accidental cell death
D. It is always pathological
Answer: A
Rationale: Apoptosis is a normal, regulated process of cell
elimination, often without inflammation.
4. Free radicals cause cell injury by:
A. Damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA
B. Enhancing ATP production
C. Reducing oxidative stress
D. Stabilizing membranes
Answer: A
Rationale: Reactive oxygen species destabilize cellular
components, leading to injury.
,3
5. Which cellular adaptation occurs in response to chronic
stress?
A. Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia
B. Immediate necrosis only
C. Only apoptosis
D. Permanent organ failure
Answer: A
Rationale: Cells adapt via size, number, or type changes to cope
with chronic stressors.
6. Ischemia primarily injures cells by:
A. Limiting oxygen and nutrient delivery
B. Increasing ATP supply
C. Enhancing waste removal
D. Reducing ROS
Answer: A
Rationale: Ischemia deprives tissue of oxygen and nutrients,
impairing metabolism and leading to injury.
7. Which ion imbalance occurs during cell injury?
A. Increased intracellular sodium and calcium
B. Decreased calcium only
, 4
C. Decreased sodium only
D. Increased potassium only
Answer: A
Rationale: ATP depletion impairs Na+/K+ pumps, causing
sodium and calcium accumulation, leading to swelling and
dysfunction.
8. Necrosis is characterized by:
A. Cell membrane rupture and inflammation
B. Programmed, controlled cell death
C. Recovery of cell function
D. No structural change
Answer: A
Rationale: Necrotic cells lose membrane integrity, triggering
inflammatory responses.
9. Coagulative necrosis is most commonly caused by:
A. Ischemia
B. Viral infection
C. Apoptosis
D. Autoimmune reaction
