Anatomy Unit 8: The Endocrine
System Exam Questions And Answers
/.the endocrine system - Answer-✅second messenger system of the body; slower and
more prolonged reactions than the nervous system; uses chemical messages
(hormones) that are released into the blood
/.hormones control several major processes - Answer-✅reproduction, growth and
development, mobilization of body defenses, maintenance of much of homeostasis,
regulation of metabolism
/.hormone overview - Answer-✅hormones are produced by specialized cells in
endocrine glands; cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluids and they diffuse into
the blood; blood transfers hormones to target sites; these hormones regulate the activity
of other cells
/.the chemistry of hormones - Answer-✅amino acids, steroids, and prostaglandins
/.amino acids - Answer-✅based hormones; proteins, peptides, and amines
/.steroids - Answer-✅made from cholesterol
/.prostaglandins - Answer-✅made from highly active lipids
/.mechanisms of hormone action - Answer-✅hormones affect only certain tissues or
organs (target cells or organs); target cells must have specific protein receptors;
hormone binding influence the working of the cells; steroid hormone action; non-steroid
hormone action
/.hormone binding influence the working of the cells - Answer-✅changes in plasma
membrane permeability or electrical state; synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes;
activation or inactivation of enzymes; stimulation of mitosis
/.steroid hormone action - Answer-✅diffuse through the plasma membrane of target
cells- lipid soluble; enter the nucleus; bind to specific protein (receptor) within the
nucleus; bind to specific sites on the cell's DNA; activate genes that (transcribe mRNA);
result in synthesis of new proteins
/.non-steroid hormone action - Answer-✅hormone binds to a plasma membrane
receptor; hormones does not enter the cell; sets off a series of reactions that activates
, an enzyme; catalyze a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule (like
cAMP); oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response
/.control of hormone release - Answer-✅hormone levels in the blood are maintained by
negative feedback; a stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of
more hormone; hormone release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is
reached; hormonal stimuli; humoral stimuli; neural stimuli
/.hormonal stimuli - Answer-✅endocrine glands are activated by other hormones
/.humoral stimuli - Answer-✅changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone
release
/.neural stimuli - Answer-✅nerve impulses stimulate hormone release; most are under
control of the sympathetic nervous system
/.glands - Answer-✅pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and other hormones producing
tissues and organs
/.pineal gland - Answer-✅size of a pea; located in the diencephalon in the epithalamus;
secretes melatonin- aids in sleep and wake cycles and mood
/.pituitary gland - Answer-✅size of a grape; hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus;
protected by the sphenoid bone; has two functional lobes; hormones of the anterior
pituitary; hormones of the posterior pituitary; pituitary-hypothalamus relationships
/.has two functional lobes - Answer-✅anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
/.anterior pituitary - Answer-✅glandular tissue
/.posterior pituitary - Answer-✅nervous tissue
/.hormones of the anterior pituitary - Answer-✅six anterior pituitary hormones; two
affect non-endocrine targets; four stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones);
characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones; growth hormone (GH); prolactin (PRL);
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); gonadotropic
hormones (HgC)- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
/.characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones - Answer-✅proteins (or peptides); act
through second-messenger systems; regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative
feedback
System Exam Questions And Answers
/.the endocrine system - Answer-✅second messenger system of the body; slower and
more prolonged reactions than the nervous system; uses chemical messages
(hormones) that are released into the blood
/.hormones control several major processes - Answer-✅reproduction, growth and
development, mobilization of body defenses, maintenance of much of homeostasis,
regulation of metabolism
/.hormone overview - Answer-✅hormones are produced by specialized cells in
endocrine glands; cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluids and they diffuse into
the blood; blood transfers hormones to target sites; these hormones regulate the activity
of other cells
/.the chemistry of hormones - Answer-✅amino acids, steroids, and prostaglandins
/.amino acids - Answer-✅based hormones; proteins, peptides, and amines
/.steroids - Answer-✅made from cholesterol
/.prostaglandins - Answer-✅made from highly active lipids
/.mechanisms of hormone action - Answer-✅hormones affect only certain tissues or
organs (target cells or organs); target cells must have specific protein receptors;
hormone binding influence the working of the cells; steroid hormone action; non-steroid
hormone action
/.hormone binding influence the working of the cells - Answer-✅changes in plasma
membrane permeability or electrical state; synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes;
activation or inactivation of enzymes; stimulation of mitosis
/.steroid hormone action - Answer-✅diffuse through the plasma membrane of target
cells- lipid soluble; enter the nucleus; bind to specific protein (receptor) within the
nucleus; bind to specific sites on the cell's DNA; activate genes that (transcribe mRNA);
result in synthesis of new proteins
/.non-steroid hormone action - Answer-✅hormone binds to a plasma membrane
receptor; hormones does not enter the cell; sets off a series of reactions that activates
, an enzyme; catalyze a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule (like
cAMP); oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response
/.control of hormone release - Answer-✅hormone levels in the blood are maintained by
negative feedback; a stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of
more hormone; hormone release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is
reached; hormonal stimuli; humoral stimuli; neural stimuli
/.hormonal stimuli - Answer-✅endocrine glands are activated by other hormones
/.humoral stimuli - Answer-✅changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone
release
/.neural stimuli - Answer-✅nerve impulses stimulate hormone release; most are under
control of the sympathetic nervous system
/.glands - Answer-✅pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and other hormones producing
tissues and organs
/.pineal gland - Answer-✅size of a pea; located in the diencephalon in the epithalamus;
secretes melatonin- aids in sleep and wake cycles and mood
/.pituitary gland - Answer-✅size of a grape; hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus;
protected by the sphenoid bone; has two functional lobes; hormones of the anterior
pituitary; hormones of the posterior pituitary; pituitary-hypothalamus relationships
/.has two functional lobes - Answer-✅anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
/.anterior pituitary - Answer-✅glandular tissue
/.posterior pituitary - Answer-✅nervous tissue
/.hormones of the anterior pituitary - Answer-✅six anterior pituitary hormones; two
affect non-endocrine targets; four stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones);
characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones; growth hormone (GH); prolactin (PRL);
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); gonadotropic
hormones (HgC)- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
/.characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones - Answer-✅proteins (or peptides); act
through second-messenger systems; regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative
feedback
