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BIOL-351 FINAL EXAM 2026
LATEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS| ACE YOUR GRADES.
Which of the following regarding a common-source epidemic and
a propagated epidemic is TRUE?
a. A propagated epidemic can be global while a common-source
epidemic can be local.
b. A propagated epidemic is spread from host-to-host while a
common-source epidemic is spread from a location or item.
c. A common-source epidemic generally has a large spike in
cases at the beginning and a rapid decline in cases at the end of
the epidemic while a propagated epidemic generally has a
relatively reduced rate of increase in cases at the beginning but
the duration of the epidemic is longer.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above are true. - correct answer -d. All of the
above are true.
Which of the following is TRUE of HIV Reverse Transcriptase?
a. It is not packaged into the HIV virion; it is first translated upon
entry of the HIV genome into the CD4+ T-cell.
b. It converts the DNA genome into the RNA genome used for
translation of viral protein.
, Page | 2
c. It is a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
d. It is not originally part of a polyprotein.
e. It converts the covalently closed circular HIV genome into a
linear genome by the rolling circle mechanism of DNA replication.
The linear genome is then packaged into new capsids. - correct
answer -c. It is a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
Which of the following is an example of active immunity?
a. Mother's antibodies passing across the placenta to the fetus.
b. Mother's antibodies passing to newborn through milk.
c. Injection of antibodies into a host.
d. Antibodies generated from injection of a killed microorganism
into a host.
e. All of the above are examples of active immunity. - correct
answer -d. Antibodies generated from injection of a killed
microorganism into a host
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Classical
Complement Pathway?
a. The Classical Complement Pathway feeds into a different
pathway than the Alternative Complement Pathway.
b. The Classical Complement Pathway is antibody dependent.
c. The Classical Complement Pathway increases the efficiency of
phagocytosis by macrophages
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d. The Classical Complement Pathway results in the formation of
the membrane attack complex on the pathogen.
e. The Classical Complement Pathway is a component of the
innate immune system. - correct answer -a. The Classical
Complement Pathway feeds into a different pathway than the
Alternative Complement Pathway.
Which of the following best describes the Gram-positive spore
cortex?
a. The cortex contains a modified peptidoglycan.
b. The cortex is composed of extracellular DNA that protects the
spore from harsh conditions.
c. The cortex is the loosely-attached, outermost structure
surrounding the spore.
d. The cortex is degraded during spore formation (sporulation).
e. The cortex is located within the core of the spore. - correct
answer -a. The cortex contains a modified peptidoglycan.
Which of the following regarding class switching is FALSE?
a. As discussed in lecture, class switching is a mechanism to
generate antibody diversity.
b. If needed, a B-cell that has switched from producing IgM class
antibody to producing IgG class antibody can switch back to
produce IgM class antibody.
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c. Class switching occurs in activated B-cells.
d. Class switching changes the Fc region of antibodies.
e. During class switching, DNA is spliced from the antibody-
producing B-cell. - correct answer -b. If needed, a B-cell that has
switched from producing IgM class antibody to producing IgG
class antibody can switch back to produce IgM class antibody
Which of the following was best describes the Sabin polio
vaccine?
a. The Sabin polio vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine.
b. The Sabin polio vaccine produces an active infection which is
cleared by the body.
c. The Sabin polio vaccine can result in the spread of attenuated
polio in the environment.
d. The Sabin polio vaccine is not currently used in the United
States as the preferred polio vaccine.
e. All of the above describe the Sabin polio vaccine. - correct
answer -e. All of the above describe the Sabin polio vaccine.
Which of the following regarding clonal selection is TRUE?
a. During clonal selection, B-cells that produce self-reacting
antibodies are eliminated.
b. During clonal selection, the proper IgM antibody is placed onto
the B-cell membrane by a macrophage.
BIOL-351 FINAL EXAM 2026
LATEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS| ACE YOUR GRADES.
Which of the following regarding a common-source epidemic and
a propagated epidemic is TRUE?
a. A propagated epidemic can be global while a common-source
epidemic can be local.
b. A propagated epidemic is spread from host-to-host while a
common-source epidemic is spread from a location or item.
c. A common-source epidemic generally has a large spike in
cases at the beginning and a rapid decline in cases at the end of
the epidemic while a propagated epidemic generally has a
relatively reduced rate of increase in cases at the beginning but
the duration of the epidemic is longer.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above are true. - correct answer -d. All of the
above are true.
Which of the following is TRUE of HIV Reverse Transcriptase?
a. It is not packaged into the HIV virion; it is first translated upon
entry of the HIV genome into the CD4+ T-cell.
b. It converts the DNA genome into the RNA genome used for
translation of viral protein.
, Page | 2
c. It is a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
d. It is not originally part of a polyprotein.
e. It converts the covalently closed circular HIV genome into a
linear genome by the rolling circle mechanism of DNA replication.
The linear genome is then packaged into new capsids. - correct
answer -c. It is a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
Which of the following is an example of active immunity?
a. Mother's antibodies passing across the placenta to the fetus.
b. Mother's antibodies passing to newborn through milk.
c. Injection of antibodies into a host.
d. Antibodies generated from injection of a killed microorganism
into a host.
e. All of the above are examples of active immunity. - correct
answer -d. Antibodies generated from injection of a killed
microorganism into a host
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Classical
Complement Pathway?
a. The Classical Complement Pathway feeds into a different
pathway than the Alternative Complement Pathway.
b. The Classical Complement Pathway is antibody dependent.
c. The Classical Complement Pathway increases the efficiency of
phagocytosis by macrophages
, Page | 3
d. The Classical Complement Pathway results in the formation of
the membrane attack complex on the pathogen.
e. The Classical Complement Pathway is a component of the
innate immune system. - correct answer -a. The Classical
Complement Pathway feeds into a different pathway than the
Alternative Complement Pathway.
Which of the following best describes the Gram-positive spore
cortex?
a. The cortex contains a modified peptidoglycan.
b. The cortex is composed of extracellular DNA that protects the
spore from harsh conditions.
c. The cortex is the loosely-attached, outermost structure
surrounding the spore.
d. The cortex is degraded during spore formation (sporulation).
e. The cortex is located within the core of the spore. - correct
answer -a. The cortex contains a modified peptidoglycan.
Which of the following regarding class switching is FALSE?
a. As discussed in lecture, class switching is a mechanism to
generate antibody diversity.
b. If needed, a B-cell that has switched from producing IgM class
antibody to producing IgG class antibody can switch back to
produce IgM class antibody.
, Page | 4
c. Class switching occurs in activated B-cells.
d. Class switching changes the Fc region of antibodies.
e. During class switching, DNA is spliced from the antibody-
producing B-cell. - correct answer -b. If needed, a B-cell that has
switched from producing IgM class antibody to producing IgG
class antibody can switch back to produce IgM class antibody
Which of the following was best describes the Sabin polio
vaccine?
a. The Sabin polio vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine.
b. The Sabin polio vaccine produces an active infection which is
cleared by the body.
c. The Sabin polio vaccine can result in the spread of attenuated
polio in the environment.
d. The Sabin polio vaccine is not currently used in the United
States as the preferred polio vaccine.
e. All of the above describe the Sabin polio vaccine. - correct
answer -e. All of the above describe the Sabin polio vaccine.
Which of the following regarding clonal selection is TRUE?
a. During clonal selection, B-cells that produce self-reacting
antibodies are eliminated.
b. During clonal selection, the proper IgM antibody is placed onto
the B-cell membrane by a macrophage.
