Page | 1
VNSG 1500 FINAL EXAM 2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| ACE
YOUR GRADES.
1. Short-acting insulin - correct answer -Onset ~30-60 min, peak
~2-4 hr, duration ~5-8 hr. Can be given IV in DKA.
2. Intermediate insulin - correct answer -NPH — onset ~2-4 hr,
peak ~6-12 hr, duration ~12-18 hr.
3. Long-acting insulin - correct answer -Glargine, detemir,
degludec — minimal peak, duration 24+ hr (basal).
4. Insulin mixing rules - correct answer -Typically short/rapid-
acting can be mixed with NPH in the same syringe (draw
short/rapid first, then NPH) — but do not mix long-acting
(glargine/detemir) with others.
, Page | 2
5. Type 1 diabetes - correct answer -Autoimmune β-cell
destruction → absolute insulin deficiency; younger onset;
insulin required.
6. Type 2 diabetes - correct answer -Insulin resistance and
relative insulin deficiency; associated with obesity/aging; may
be managed with lifestyle, oral agents, and sometimes insulin.
7. GI bleeding priority actions - correct answer -ABCs first: airway,
breathing, circulation. Assess hemodynamic status, establish
IV access, fluid resuscitation, type and cross for blood as
needed.
8. Jaundice - correct answer -Yellowing from bilirubin
accumulation. Causes: prehepatic (hemolysis), hepatic
(impaired conjugation in liver disease), posthepatic/obstructive
(bile duct obstruction).
9. Cholecystitis signs - correct answer -RUQ pain radiating to right
shoulder, fever, Murphy's sign (inspiratory pause with RUQ
palpation), nausea/vomiting.
, Page | 3
10. Bile production - correct answer -Produced in the liver
(hepatocytes); stored in gallbladder; emulsifies fats to aid
digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
11. Celiac disease pathophysiology - correct answer -
Autoimmune reaction to gluten → villous atrophy in small
intestine → malabsorption (fat, iron, folate).
12. ABCDE for acute assessment - correct answer -Airway,
Breathing, Circulation, Disability (neuro), Exposure.
13. DKA management priorities - correct answer -Fluids →
Insulin → Electrolytes (especially K⁺).
14. Opioids mechanism - correct answer -Bind to mu-opioid
receptors in the brain & spinal cord → block transmission of
pain signals.
15. Benzodiazepines mechanism - correct answer -Enhance
GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter) → CNS depression.
, Page | 4
16. SSRIs mechanism - correct answer -Block serotonin
reuptake → ↑ serotonin in synapses.
17. Beta Blockers mechanism - correct answer -Block beta-1
receptors in heart → ↓ HR, ↓ contractility.
18. ACE Inhibitors mechanism - correct answer -Block
conversion of angiotensin I → II in the lungs.
19. Calcium Channel Blockers mechanism - correct answer -
Block Ca²⁺ channels in vascular smooth muscle & heart.
20. Warfarin mechanism - correct answer -Acts in the liver →
blocks vitamin K-dependent clotting factor synthesis.
21. Heparin mechanism - correct answer -Potentiates
antithrombin in the bloodstream.
VNSG 1500 FINAL EXAM 2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| ACE
YOUR GRADES.
1. Short-acting insulin - correct answer -Onset ~30-60 min, peak
~2-4 hr, duration ~5-8 hr. Can be given IV in DKA.
2. Intermediate insulin - correct answer -NPH — onset ~2-4 hr,
peak ~6-12 hr, duration ~12-18 hr.
3. Long-acting insulin - correct answer -Glargine, detemir,
degludec — minimal peak, duration 24+ hr (basal).
4. Insulin mixing rules - correct answer -Typically short/rapid-
acting can be mixed with NPH in the same syringe (draw
short/rapid first, then NPH) — but do not mix long-acting
(glargine/detemir) with others.
, Page | 2
5. Type 1 diabetes - correct answer -Autoimmune β-cell
destruction → absolute insulin deficiency; younger onset;
insulin required.
6. Type 2 diabetes - correct answer -Insulin resistance and
relative insulin deficiency; associated with obesity/aging; may
be managed with lifestyle, oral agents, and sometimes insulin.
7. GI bleeding priority actions - correct answer -ABCs first: airway,
breathing, circulation. Assess hemodynamic status, establish
IV access, fluid resuscitation, type and cross for blood as
needed.
8. Jaundice - correct answer -Yellowing from bilirubin
accumulation. Causes: prehepatic (hemolysis), hepatic
(impaired conjugation in liver disease), posthepatic/obstructive
(bile duct obstruction).
9. Cholecystitis signs - correct answer -RUQ pain radiating to right
shoulder, fever, Murphy's sign (inspiratory pause with RUQ
palpation), nausea/vomiting.
, Page | 3
10. Bile production - correct answer -Produced in the liver
(hepatocytes); stored in gallbladder; emulsifies fats to aid
digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
11. Celiac disease pathophysiology - correct answer -
Autoimmune reaction to gluten → villous atrophy in small
intestine → malabsorption (fat, iron, folate).
12. ABCDE for acute assessment - correct answer -Airway,
Breathing, Circulation, Disability (neuro), Exposure.
13. DKA management priorities - correct answer -Fluids →
Insulin → Electrolytes (especially K⁺).
14. Opioids mechanism - correct answer -Bind to mu-opioid
receptors in the brain & spinal cord → block transmission of
pain signals.
15. Benzodiazepines mechanism - correct answer -Enhance
GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter) → CNS depression.
, Page | 4
16. SSRIs mechanism - correct answer -Block serotonin
reuptake → ↑ serotonin in synapses.
17. Beta Blockers mechanism - correct answer -Block beta-1
receptors in heart → ↓ HR, ↓ contractility.
18. ACE Inhibitors mechanism - correct answer -Block
conversion of angiotensin I → II in the lungs.
19. Calcium Channel Blockers mechanism - correct answer -
Block Ca²⁺ channels in vascular smooth muscle & heart.
20. Warfarin mechanism - correct answer -Acts in the liver →
blocks vitamin K-dependent clotting factor synthesis.
21. Heparin mechanism - correct answer -Potentiates
antithrombin in the bloodstream.
