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Understanding Leadership Effectiveness & Theories – Comprehensive Study Guide 2026 | Traits, Skills, and Models|Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated

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Understanding Leadership Effectiveness & Theories – Comprehensive Study Guide 2026 | Traits, Skills, and Models|Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated Leader Effectiveness The degree to which a leader's actions result in goal achievement, employee commitment, and trust/respect between leader and employee. Great Man approach The idea that certain traits distinguish leaders from non-leaders. Traits associated with effective leadership Intelligence, honesty, self-confidence, appearance. Debate about leadership traits Born vs. Made - Are great leaders born with specific traits, or can leadership be learned? Traits commonly linked to leadership Intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, sociability. Criticism of trait research Traits' importance depends on the situation, making it hard to generalize a single trait profile. Big Five personality traits Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion. Most strongly associated Big Five trait with leadership Extraversion. Second most related Big Five trait to leadership Conscientiousness. Difference between leader emergence and effectiveness Traits predict who becomes a leader more than who is effective as a leader. MBTI measurement How individuals gather and evaluate information for problem-solving and decision-making. Four MBTI pairs Introversion vs. Extraversion, Sensing vs. Intuition, Thinking vs. Feeling, Judging vs. Perceiving. Criticisms of MBTI No strong link to job performance or leadership success, and personality is not truly dichotomous. Theory X The assumption that people are lazy and avoid responsibility. Theory Y The assumption that people enjoy work and commit willingly. Skills Approach vs. Trait Approach Focuses on learned skills and abilities rather than inherent traits. Three types of skills in the Skills Approach Technical (specialized knowledge), Human (interpersonal skills), Conceptual (abstract thinking). Most important skill at lower levels of management Technical skills. Most important skill at top management levels Conceptual skills. Five components of the Skills Model Individual attributes, competencies, leadership outcomes, career experiences, environmental influences. General cognitive ability A leader's intelligence, reasoning, and processing skills. Crystallized cognitive ability Intellectual ability acquired through experience and learning. Three components of motivation in leadership Willingness to take on complex problems, Dominance (influence), Social good. Problem-solving skills in leadership The ability to define problems, analyze causes, generate solutions, and implement effective decisions. Social judgment in leadership The ability to understand people, social systems, and interactions. Examples

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PN Gerontology Final Quiz: Comprehensive Review of
Older Adult Care, Safety, and Health Promotion Questions
with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
A nurse is transferring an older adult client who has right-sided weakness from the bed to a
wheelchair. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to provide a safe transfer?

Maintain a straight back and bend at the knees.

A nurse at a long-term care facility is contributing to the plan of care for an older adult client
who has dementia. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan?

Use photographs as memory triggers.

A nurse is collecting data from an older adult client who lives alone. Although the client is
able to answer all questions appropriately, the nurse notes that the client has a decreased
attention span, expresses feelings of overwhelming sadness, and has a low energy level. The
nurse should identify that the client is exhibiting manifestations of which of the following
disorders?

Depression

A nurse in an assisted living facility is assisting in the care of an older adult client who moved
in 3 months ago following the death of his partner. The client reports awakening early in the
morning and admits to feeling very sad. The nurse should identify that the client is
experiencing which of the following types of grief?

Acute grief

A nurse is completing medication reconciliation for an older adult client who is receiving
multiple medications. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first?

Ask the client about over-the-counter medications she is taking.

A nurse is caring for an older adult client who is unresponsive following a stroke. Which of the
following actions should the nurse take while providing oral care?

Turn the client on his side before starting oral care.

A nurse is reinforcing teaching with an older adult client about osteoporosis. Which of the
following statements should the nurse include in the teaching?

"Brisk walking will help prevent bone loss."

, A nurse is reviewing the records of a group of older adult clients. Which of the following
findings should the nurse identify as an unexpected manifestation of the aging process?

Obesity

A nurse is collecting data from an older adult client who had a right-sided stroke two days
ago. For which of the following findings should the nurse notify the provider immediately?

Increased restlessness

A nurse is reviewing the medical record of an older adult client. For which of the following
medications should the nurse request a hearing assessment of the client?

Furosemide

A nurse is reviewing the basic needs of older adult clients with a group of assistive personnel.
Which of the following statements should the nurse include?

"Deep sleep is decreased."

A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who is to start taking finasteride. Which of the
following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?

"I should see a decrease in my PSA levels."

A nurse is reinforcing teaching with an older adult client who is healthy and has chronic
constipation about establishing a bowel retraining program. Which of the following
statements should the nurse include in the teaching?

"Increase the fiber content of your diet."

A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a group of older adult clients about dietary needs. Which
of the following dietary recommendations should the nurse include in the teaching?

"You should consume 1,200 milligrams of calcium daily."

A nurse is caring for an older adult client who is on bed rest. Which of the following foods
should the nurse plan to include on the client's breakfast tray to prevent constipation?

Stewed prunes

A nurse is caring for an older adult client who is expressing feelings of grief and longing for his
earlier life. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?

Listen attentively and allow the client to talk about the past.

A nurse is collecting data from an 85-year-old client. Which of the following findings should
the nurse report to the provider?

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