PNUR1128 - NURSING CONCEPTS 1
Urinary Incontinence (UI) - ANSWERS-involuntary leakage of urine
or loss of bladder control; is a symptom, not a disease
Urinary Retention - ANSWERS-the accumulation of urine in the
bladder and the inability of the bladder to empty itself
What causes urinary problems? - ANSWERS--fluids containing
caffeine or alcohol
-diuretics (drugs that increase urine production)
-dehydration
-heart and circulatory diseases
Constipation - ANSWERS-fewer than 3 BMs per week and passage
of small, dry, hard stool that is difficult to eliminate; causes:
-lifestyle
-emotional disturbances
-medical conditions
-physiological conditions
-medications
Fecal Impaction - ANSWERS-a mass or collection of hardened feces
in the folds of the rectum
,Diarrhea - ANSWERS-the passage of three or more loose or watery
feces per day or more frequently than is usual
Bowel/Fecal Incontinence - ANSWERS-loss of voluntary ability to
control fecal and gaseous discharges
Flatulence - ANSWERS-flatus, air, or gas in the gastrointestinal tract;
three causes:
1. bacteria on the chyme in the large intestine
2. swallowed air
3. gas that diffuses from the blood stream into the intestines
What Factors Affect Fecal Elimination? - ANSWERS--development
-diet: cellulose and fiber is necessary
-fluid: intake of 1500-2000mL is required for healthy elimination
-psychological factors
-defecation habits
-medications
-diagnostic procedures
-anesthesia and surgery
-pathological conditions
-pain
Macronutrients - ANSWERS-Carbs
Proteins
,Fats/Lipids
Carbohydrates - ANSWERS--Sugars (simplest) - water soluble and
produced naturally by plants and animals
-Starches - insoluble, nonsweet forms - nearly all exist natural in
plants
-Fibre - complex, cannot be digested by humans-derived from plants
Proteins - ANSWERS-- organic substances composed of amino acids
-Essential amino acids - cannot be manufactured by the body, so must
be supplied as part of protein in diet
-Nonessential amino acids - those that body can manufacture
-Complete proteins - contain all essential amino acids plus many
nonessential ones; = most animal proteins - meats, poultry, fish, dairy
products, and eggs
-Incomplete proteins - lack one or more essential acids; Usually
derived from vegetables;
-Corn + beans = complete protein
Lipids - ANSWERS--organic substances that are greasy and insoluble
in water but soluble in alcohol or ether
-Fatty acids = basic structural units of most lipids
-Saturated fatty acids = all carbon atoms are filled to capacity with
hydrogen; Generally solid at room temp
-Unsaturated fatty acid = could accommodate more hydrogen atoms
than it currently does; Hydrogenation of these results in trans fats
, -Essential fatty acids = lipids that are normal growth and development
but that cannot be synthesized by the body; Ex. omega 3 and 6 fatty
acids
Micronutrients - ANSWERS-vitamins
minerals
Vitamins - ANSWERS-=organic compound that cannot be
manufactured by the body and is needed in small quantities to
catalyze metabolic processes
-Cannot store water-soluble vitamins in the body
-Can store fat-soluble vitamins in limited amounts, so a daily supply
is not necessary
-Functions:
Energy metabolism
Antioxidants
RBC formation
Growth and development
Minerals - ANSWERS-= found in organic compounds as inorganic
compounds and as free ions
-Macrominerals = those that people require in daily amounts of more
than 100mg
-Microminerals = those that people require in daily amounts of less
than 100mg
Functions:
Urinary Incontinence (UI) - ANSWERS-involuntary leakage of urine
or loss of bladder control; is a symptom, not a disease
Urinary Retention - ANSWERS-the accumulation of urine in the
bladder and the inability of the bladder to empty itself
What causes urinary problems? - ANSWERS--fluids containing
caffeine or alcohol
-diuretics (drugs that increase urine production)
-dehydration
-heart and circulatory diseases
Constipation - ANSWERS-fewer than 3 BMs per week and passage
of small, dry, hard stool that is difficult to eliminate; causes:
-lifestyle
-emotional disturbances
-medical conditions
-physiological conditions
-medications
Fecal Impaction - ANSWERS-a mass or collection of hardened feces
in the folds of the rectum
,Diarrhea - ANSWERS-the passage of three or more loose or watery
feces per day or more frequently than is usual
Bowel/Fecal Incontinence - ANSWERS-loss of voluntary ability to
control fecal and gaseous discharges
Flatulence - ANSWERS-flatus, air, or gas in the gastrointestinal tract;
three causes:
1. bacteria on the chyme in the large intestine
2. swallowed air
3. gas that diffuses from the blood stream into the intestines
What Factors Affect Fecal Elimination? - ANSWERS--development
-diet: cellulose and fiber is necessary
-fluid: intake of 1500-2000mL is required for healthy elimination
-psychological factors
-defecation habits
-medications
-diagnostic procedures
-anesthesia and surgery
-pathological conditions
-pain
Macronutrients - ANSWERS-Carbs
Proteins
,Fats/Lipids
Carbohydrates - ANSWERS--Sugars (simplest) - water soluble and
produced naturally by plants and animals
-Starches - insoluble, nonsweet forms - nearly all exist natural in
plants
-Fibre - complex, cannot be digested by humans-derived from plants
Proteins - ANSWERS-- organic substances composed of amino acids
-Essential amino acids - cannot be manufactured by the body, so must
be supplied as part of protein in diet
-Nonessential amino acids - those that body can manufacture
-Complete proteins - contain all essential amino acids plus many
nonessential ones; = most animal proteins - meats, poultry, fish, dairy
products, and eggs
-Incomplete proteins - lack one or more essential acids; Usually
derived from vegetables;
-Corn + beans = complete protein
Lipids - ANSWERS--organic substances that are greasy and insoluble
in water but soluble in alcohol or ether
-Fatty acids = basic structural units of most lipids
-Saturated fatty acids = all carbon atoms are filled to capacity with
hydrogen; Generally solid at room temp
-Unsaturated fatty acid = could accommodate more hydrogen atoms
than it currently does; Hydrogenation of these results in trans fats
, -Essential fatty acids = lipids that are normal growth and development
but that cannot be synthesized by the body; Ex. omega 3 and 6 fatty
acids
Micronutrients - ANSWERS-vitamins
minerals
Vitamins - ANSWERS-=organic compound that cannot be
manufactured by the body and is needed in small quantities to
catalyze metabolic processes
-Cannot store water-soluble vitamins in the body
-Can store fat-soluble vitamins in limited amounts, so a daily supply
is not necessary
-Functions:
Energy metabolism
Antioxidants
RBC formation
Growth and development
Minerals - ANSWERS-= found in organic compounds as inorganic
compounds and as free ions
-Macrominerals = those that people require in daily amounts of more
than 100mg
-Microminerals = those that people require in daily amounts of less
than 100mg
Functions:
