C458 Health and Wellness Exam Study Guide
Skeletal system:
Bones – Provide the framework the body needs to stand. Human body consist of 206 bones.
Joints (Articulation) –
• Point where two bones come together
• 3 categories – Immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable
Cartilage
• Tough, flexible tissue covering the ends of freely movable joints
• Protects bones by preventing them from rubbing
• Gives shape to ears, nose and windpipe
Tendons
• Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
• Aids in movement of bone or structure
Ligament:
• Connective tissue that binds one bone to another.
• Helps hold structures together and allows side-to-side stability
Muscular system:
• Responsible for movement
• Striated muscle – Known as Skeletal muscle. Moves all bones and controls facial expressions and
eye movements.
• Smooth muscle (Visceral) – Lines the walls of the internal organs
• Cardiac muscle – Unique combination of striated and smooth muscle. Only found in the heart.
Nervous system:
• Over 100 billion nerve cells
• Coordinates voluntary and involuntary activities.
• The major controlling, regulatory and communicating system in the body
, • Specific functions - Receives sensory input, sends signals to brain and regulates homeostasis
Nerves – Specialized cells that carry nerve impulses from one part of the body to another.
Nerves + CNS + PNS = Nervous system. Central nervous system (CNS)
o Brain and spinal cord
o Messages in the CNS travel through spinal cord to the brain. The brain then directs all
functions of the body
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) o Consist of all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal
cord. o These nerves relay messages between the CNS and other areas of the body.
o Communicates with sensory organs (Eyes, ears, mouth, nose) which have sensitive cells
that react to sound waves, light and movement. This Sensory info is sent through cranial
nerves in the brain
Respiratory system:
• Works with cardiovascular system to provide oxygen to the cells and removes the waste
products (Carbon dioxide)
• Respiratory exchange occurs in the tiny air sacs in the lungs called alveoli. Oxygen that is
exchanged is moved into the blood capillaries
• Consists of the lungs, airflow passageways, blood vessels, and muscles.
• Lungs
o Primary organ of respiratory system.
o Exchanges gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) during the breathing process (Oxygen
comes in, carbon dioxide goes out).
• Respiratory passages o Divided into the upper respiratory tract and lower tract. o Upper
respiratory tract – Nose, pharynx (Throat), and larynx (voice box) o Lower respiratory tract –
Trachea(windpipe), bronchial tree, and lungs
Cardiovascular system:
• Consist of the heart and blood vessels
• Transports a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to body cells through blood flow. Called
circulation
• Heart
o Responsible for circulating blood throughout the body. o Located on left side of chest
cavity between lungs and beneath sternum o Weighs less than a pound and roughly
size of adult fist
o Consist of four chambers – two upper called atria and two lower called ventricles
o Faster heartbeat = more oxygen transporting through body.
• Blood vessels o Two categories – Arteries and veins o Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart to body tissues.
Skeletal system:
Bones – Provide the framework the body needs to stand. Human body consist of 206 bones.
Joints (Articulation) –
• Point where two bones come together
• 3 categories – Immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable
Cartilage
• Tough, flexible tissue covering the ends of freely movable joints
• Protects bones by preventing them from rubbing
• Gives shape to ears, nose and windpipe
Tendons
• Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
• Aids in movement of bone or structure
Ligament:
• Connective tissue that binds one bone to another.
• Helps hold structures together and allows side-to-side stability
Muscular system:
• Responsible for movement
• Striated muscle – Known as Skeletal muscle. Moves all bones and controls facial expressions and
eye movements.
• Smooth muscle (Visceral) – Lines the walls of the internal organs
• Cardiac muscle – Unique combination of striated and smooth muscle. Only found in the heart.
Nervous system:
• Over 100 billion nerve cells
• Coordinates voluntary and involuntary activities.
• The major controlling, regulatory and communicating system in the body
, • Specific functions - Receives sensory input, sends signals to brain and regulates homeostasis
Nerves – Specialized cells that carry nerve impulses from one part of the body to another.
Nerves + CNS + PNS = Nervous system. Central nervous system (CNS)
o Brain and spinal cord
o Messages in the CNS travel through spinal cord to the brain. The brain then directs all
functions of the body
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) o Consist of all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal
cord. o These nerves relay messages between the CNS and other areas of the body.
o Communicates with sensory organs (Eyes, ears, mouth, nose) which have sensitive cells
that react to sound waves, light and movement. This Sensory info is sent through cranial
nerves in the brain
Respiratory system:
• Works with cardiovascular system to provide oxygen to the cells and removes the waste
products (Carbon dioxide)
• Respiratory exchange occurs in the tiny air sacs in the lungs called alveoli. Oxygen that is
exchanged is moved into the blood capillaries
• Consists of the lungs, airflow passageways, blood vessels, and muscles.
• Lungs
o Primary organ of respiratory system.
o Exchanges gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) during the breathing process (Oxygen
comes in, carbon dioxide goes out).
• Respiratory passages o Divided into the upper respiratory tract and lower tract. o Upper
respiratory tract – Nose, pharynx (Throat), and larynx (voice box) o Lower respiratory tract –
Trachea(windpipe), bronchial tree, and lungs
Cardiovascular system:
• Consist of the heart and blood vessels
• Transports a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to body cells through blood flow. Called
circulation
• Heart
o Responsible for circulating blood throughout the body. o Located on left side of chest
cavity between lungs and beneath sternum o Weighs less than a pound and roughly
size of adult fist
o Consist of four chambers – two upper called atria and two lower called ventricles
o Faster heartbeat = more oxygen transporting through body.
• Blood vessels o Two categories – Arteries and veins o Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart to body tissues.
