C458 Exam Study Guide Guaranteed A+ Score Guide
Body Systems
UNIT 1
SKELETAL SYSTEM: provides internal framework to support the body, protect organs and
enables movement with the muscular system consist of bones cartilage, ligaments and
tendons
-20% of body weight
Bones: 206 bones in human skeleton
-bones provide rigid skeleton that constitutes the Internal framework the body
needs to stand
- 4 classification of bones:
-long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
- skeleton supports and protects the soft organs of the body (ie: the bones of
skull protect the brain and structures related to it (ie: eyes and nose)
Joints: (articulation) is where two bones come together.
-joints are divided into three categories based on range of movement:
immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable.
Cartilage: tough but flexible tissue that covers ends of bones of freely movable joints
and protects bones by preventing them from rubbing against each other.
-also gives shape and support to other parts of body (ears, nose, windpipe)
Ligament: connective tissue that binds one bone to another.
-usually helps hold structures together and allows for side-to-side stability
- example: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attaches the thigh bone to the shin
bone and stabilizes the knee joint
Tendons: connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
, -tendon aids in movement of bone or structure
MUSCULAR SYSTEM: Striated muscle, smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle
-muscles whether attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels are
responsible for movement
Striated Muscle: aka skeletal muscle. It moves all bones and controls facial expression
and eye movements
Smooth Muscle: aka visceral muscle, lines the walls of the internal organs such as
intestines
Cardiac Muscle: combination of both striated and smooth muscle. Only heart has
cardiac muscle
NERVOUS SYSTEM (Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System)
-think of the nervous system as the control center for all actions that occur consciously and
unconsciously and the communication among the body parts
-one of the most complex human body systems
-more than 100 billion nerve cells operate constantly all over body to coordinate voluntary and
involuntary activities.
-functions of nervous system: receiving sensory input, sending signals to brain, regulating
homeostasis, and communicating throughout body for movement.
Central Nervous System ( brain and spinal cord) messages in the CNS travel through the spinal
cord to the brain, the brain in response directs all the functions for the body
Peripheral Nervous System: consist of all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves
relay messages between the CNS and other areas of body, including: internal organs and glands,
abdomen, chest arm and legs.
-PNS also supplies and communicates with the sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, mouth)
These sense organs have sensitive cells that react to sound waves, light, and movement.
Nerves: specialized cells that carry nerve impulses from one part of the body to another
Body Systems
UNIT 1
SKELETAL SYSTEM: provides internal framework to support the body, protect organs and
enables movement with the muscular system consist of bones cartilage, ligaments and
tendons
-20% of body weight
Bones: 206 bones in human skeleton
-bones provide rigid skeleton that constitutes the Internal framework the body
needs to stand
- 4 classification of bones:
-long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
- skeleton supports and protects the soft organs of the body (ie: the bones of
skull protect the brain and structures related to it (ie: eyes and nose)
Joints: (articulation) is where two bones come together.
-joints are divided into three categories based on range of movement:
immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable.
Cartilage: tough but flexible tissue that covers ends of bones of freely movable joints
and protects bones by preventing them from rubbing against each other.
-also gives shape and support to other parts of body (ears, nose, windpipe)
Ligament: connective tissue that binds one bone to another.
-usually helps hold structures together and allows for side-to-side stability
- example: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attaches the thigh bone to the shin
bone and stabilizes the knee joint
Tendons: connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
, -tendon aids in movement of bone or structure
MUSCULAR SYSTEM: Striated muscle, smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle
-muscles whether attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels are
responsible for movement
Striated Muscle: aka skeletal muscle. It moves all bones and controls facial expression
and eye movements
Smooth Muscle: aka visceral muscle, lines the walls of the internal organs such as
intestines
Cardiac Muscle: combination of both striated and smooth muscle. Only heart has
cardiac muscle
NERVOUS SYSTEM (Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System)
-think of the nervous system as the control center for all actions that occur consciously and
unconsciously and the communication among the body parts
-one of the most complex human body systems
-more than 100 billion nerve cells operate constantly all over body to coordinate voluntary and
involuntary activities.
-functions of nervous system: receiving sensory input, sending signals to brain, regulating
homeostasis, and communicating throughout body for movement.
Central Nervous System ( brain and spinal cord) messages in the CNS travel through the spinal
cord to the brain, the brain in response directs all the functions for the body
Peripheral Nervous System: consist of all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves
relay messages between the CNS and other areas of body, including: internal organs and glands,
abdomen, chest arm and legs.
-PNS also supplies and communicates with the sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, mouth)
These sense organs have sensitive cells that react to sound waves, light, and movement.
Nerves: specialized cells that carry nerve impulses from one part of the body to another
