PUBH 302 EXAM 1 (DR. MONTGOMERY) STUDY
GUIDE 2026
Determinants of health - Answers -underlying factors that bring about disease,
disability, and death; sometimes called the causes of causes; can be behavior,
genetics, geography, environment, medical care, socioeconomic, and cultural
What killed us back then - Answers -TB
Gastroenteritis
Diphtheria
Polio
Influenza/Pneumonia
What kills us now - Answers -Heart Disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, lower
respiratory disease
Shift in causes of death - Answers -from acute (infectious) to chronic disease; most
chronic health problems are preventable
Levels of prevention - Answers -primary, secondary, tertiary
Primary prevention - Answers -efforts that forestall onset of illness or injury before
evidence of symptoms begins ex. Immunization and regular exercise
Secondary prevention - Answers -efforts that lead to early diagnosis and prompt
treatment to limit disability, impairment, dependency, or severity ex. Breast self-
examination
Tertiary prevention - Answers -efforts aimed at rehabilitation, treatment following
significant pathogenesis ex. Stroke rehab programs
Socio-ecological model of public health (bull's eye) - Answers -micro- middle area of
individual behavior and traits such as age, sex, race, and biological factors, and biology
of the disease
Next- social, family, and community networks
Next- living and working conditions including psychosocial factors, employment status
and occupational factors, socioeconomic status, natural and built environments, and
public health care services
Macro- outermost area of broad social, economic, cultural, health, and environmental
conditions and policies at the global, national, state, and local level
, Infant mortality - Answers -death of an infant from the time of live birth to the age of 1
year, not including stillbirths
Overall infant mortality = neonatal deaths + post neonatal deaths
Infant mortality is used to compare - Answers -infant mortality is used to compare the
health and well-being of populations across and within countries; predicts the health of
next generation
Infant mortality indicates - Answers -health status of the population and predicts the
health of the next generation
Risk factors that increase infant mortality - Answers -low birth weight
Premature birth
Male infant
Maternal age less than 15 or over 40
Birth order (1st or after 5th)
Marital status
US born
Material smoking, drug use, etc.
Poverty
Nutritional status
Prenatal care
Top 5 causes of infant deaths in 2017 - Answers -birth defects
Preterm birth/ low birth weight
Maternal pregnancy complications
SIDS
Injuries
Infant mortality trends - Answers -infant mortality has declined and life expectancy at
birth has increased
Highest rates in non-Hispanic Black women
Ancient greece - Answers -personal hygiene, physical fitness, naturalistic concept
(disease caused by imbalance between man and his environment)
Hippocrates - Answers -father of Western medicine, causal relationships, coined the
term "epidemic"
Roman empire - Answers -adopted Greek health values, engineers of sewage systems
and aqueducts, administration- public baths, water supply, markets paid by taxes
Middle (Dark) Ages - Answers -shift away from Greek and Roman values; physical
body less important than spiritual self
GUIDE 2026
Determinants of health - Answers -underlying factors that bring about disease,
disability, and death; sometimes called the causes of causes; can be behavior,
genetics, geography, environment, medical care, socioeconomic, and cultural
What killed us back then - Answers -TB
Gastroenteritis
Diphtheria
Polio
Influenza/Pneumonia
What kills us now - Answers -Heart Disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, lower
respiratory disease
Shift in causes of death - Answers -from acute (infectious) to chronic disease; most
chronic health problems are preventable
Levels of prevention - Answers -primary, secondary, tertiary
Primary prevention - Answers -efforts that forestall onset of illness or injury before
evidence of symptoms begins ex. Immunization and regular exercise
Secondary prevention - Answers -efforts that lead to early diagnosis and prompt
treatment to limit disability, impairment, dependency, or severity ex. Breast self-
examination
Tertiary prevention - Answers -efforts aimed at rehabilitation, treatment following
significant pathogenesis ex. Stroke rehab programs
Socio-ecological model of public health (bull's eye) - Answers -micro- middle area of
individual behavior and traits such as age, sex, race, and biological factors, and biology
of the disease
Next- social, family, and community networks
Next- living and working conditions including psychosocial factors, employment status
and occupational factors, socioeconomic status, natural and built environments, and
public health care services
Macro- outermost area of broad social, economic, cultural, health, and environmental
conditions and policies at the global, national, state, and local level
, Infant mortality - Answers -death of an infant from the time of live birth to the age of 1
year, not including stillbirths
Overall infant mortality = neonatal deaths + post neonatal deaths
Infant mortality is used to compare - Answers -infant mortality is used to compare the
health and well-being of populations across and within countries; predicts the health of
next generation
Infant mortality indicates - Answers -health status of the population and predicts the
health of the next generation
Risk factors that increase infant mortality - Answers -low birth weight
Premature birth
Male infant
Maternal age less than 15 or over 40
Birth order (1st or after 5th)
Marital status
US born
Material smoking, drug use, etc.
Poverty
Nutritional status
Prenatal care
Top 5 causes of infant deaths in 2017 - Answers -birth defects
Preterm birth/ low birth weight
Maternal pregnancy complications
SIDS
Injuries
Infant mortality trends - Answers -infant mortality has declined and life expectancy at
birth has increased
Highest rates in non-Hispanic Black women
Ancient greece - Answers -personal hygiene, physical fitness, naturalistic concept
(disease caused by imbalance between man and his environment)
Hippocrates - Answers -father of Western medicine, causal relationships, coined the
term "epidemic"
Roman empire - Answers -adopted Greek health values, engineers of sewage systems
and aqueducts, administration- public baths, water supply, markets paid by taxes
Middle (Dark) Ages - Answers -shift away from Greek and Roman values; physical
body less important than spiritual self
