PUBH 302 EXAM 1 MILLER QUESTIONS AND ANSERS
2026
8 Dimensions of Health - Answers -Emotional, physical, spiritual, occupational,
financial, enviornmental, social, intellectual.
5 Determinants of Health - Answers -Genetics, behavior, environmental conditions,
social circumstances, and health services.
Chadwick's Report (1842): What Was It? - Answers -Edwin Chadwick led a team of
commissioners around the UK to better understand what was happening with public
health and the lives of the poor. Found out cholera endemics are more likely to happen
in the areas of lower class. He dedicated his life to sanitary reform.
Chadwick's Report: What Did It Lead To? - Answers -1848: Passage of the Public
Health Act. Established a central board of health to begin to create public health
infrastructure. Assumed that if more focus was put into relieving disease outbreaks
within the poor that the entire population would benefit. Steps included improving
drainage, prevision of sewers, removing garbage and refuse, clean drinking water, and
appointing a medical officer for each town.
Morbidity - Answers -Disease rate or the condition of suffering from a disease.
Mortality - Answers -Rate of deaths.
Primary Prevention - Answers -The prevention of the onset of illness or injury before
the disease process begins (ex. traffic lights, vaccines)
Secondary Prevention - Answers -The early diagnosis and prompt treatment of
diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe. Early
detection to reduce level of harm (ex. mammograms, COVID tests).
Tertiary Prevention - Answers -Retain, reeducate, and rehabilitate the patient who has
already incurred disability. Continuous medical care to reduce symptoms (Ex. ventilator,
chemotherapy, stroke rehabilitation).
Epidemiology - Answers -The study of the distribution and determinants of health
conditions or events among populations.
Surveillance - Answers -Watching things in a continuous way to look for outliers. (ex.
Tracking rates of flu that spike in February is expected, but a big spike in July would be
strange, a spike of measles would be very concerning).
, Active Surveillance - Answers -Public health organization reaches out directly to
agencies. More consistent but very labor intensive.
Passive Surveillance - Answers -Reports sent to public health organizations. Less labor
intensive and cheaper but must rely on the source.
Incidence - Answers -How frequently a disease occurs in a specified population over a
period of time.
Prevalence - Answers -The number of cases of a disease, number of infected people,
or number of people with some other attribute present during a particular interval of
time.
Epidemic - Answers -An unexpectedly large number of cases of a disease in a
particular population.
Pandemic - Answers -An outbreak over a wide geographical area such as a continent.
Endemic - Answers -A disease that can occur regularly in a population. It is just around.
Present at a flat, predictable level (ex. Malaria in Africa).
Notifiable Diseases - Answers -Infectious diseases that can become epidemic.
Government agencies need to know when a case occurs so it can be closely monitored
(ex. smallpox, zika virus, malaria).
Social Determinants of Health - Answers -Who they are, what they do, conditions in
which they are born, live, work, grow. Affect money, power, and resources which then
causes health inequities.
Hippocrates (460-377 BC) - Answers -Theory of disease causation. Attempted to
explain diseases rationally. Used observation to see that diseases happen in certain
areas. Geography, eating habits, and climate could impact diseases. First
epidemiologist and father of medicine.
Hippocratic Oath.
John Snow (1813-1858) - Answers -"George Washington" of public health. Father of
epidemiology because of effective use of descriptive epidemiology. Cholera and Broad
Street pump: During an outbreak in London, used descriptive epidemiology to reduce
cases. Used a map to plot where all of the positive cases were, then identified clusters
and recognized that the clusters were near water pumps.
Theorized source of cholera was in water. Removed the pump handle from Broad Street
pump and noticed that cases were reduced.
Descriptive Epidemiology - Answers -Organizing and summarizing data to identify
patterns among cases or in populations by person, place, and time. Develop a
hypothesis on cause of disease and test it.
2026
8 Dimensions of Health - Answers -Emotional, physical, spiritual, occupational,
financial, enviornmental, social, intellectual.
5 Determinants of Health - Answers -Genetics, behavior, environmental conditions,
social circumstances, and health services.
Chadwick's Report (1842): What Was It? - Answers -Edwin Chadwick led a team of
commissioners around the UK to better understand what was happening with public
health and the lives of the poor. Found out cholera endemics are more likely to happen
in the areas of lower class. He dedicated his life to sanitary reform.
Chadwick's Report: What Did It Lead To? - Answers -1848: Passage of the Public
Health Act. Established a central board of health to begin to create public health
infrastructure. Assumed that if more focus was put into relieving disease outbreaks
within the poor that the entire population would benefit. Steps included improving
drainage, prevision of sewers, removing garbage and refuse, clean drinking water, and
appointing a medical officer for each town.
Morbidity - Answers -Disease rate or the condition of suffering from a disease.
Mortality - Answers -Rate of deaths.
Primary Prevention - Answers -The prevention of the onset of illness or injury before
the disease process begins (ex. traffic lights, vaccines)
Secondary Prevention - Answers -The early diagnosis and prompt treatment of
diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe. Early
detection to reduce level of harm (ex. mammograms, COVID tests).
Tertiary Prevention - Answers -Retain, reeducate, and rehabilitate the patient who has
already incurred disability. Continuous medical care to reduce symptoms (Ex. ventilator,
chemotherapy, stroke rehabilitation).
Epidemiology - Answers -The study of the distribution and determinants of health
conditions or events among populations.
Surveillance - Answers -Watching things in a continuous way to look for outliers. (ex.
Tracking rates of flu that spike in February is expected, but a big spike in July would be
strange, a spike of measles would be very concerning).
, Active Surveillance - Answers -Public health organization reaches out directly to
agencies. More consistent but very labor intensive.
Passive Surveillance - Answers -Reports sent to public health organizations. Less labor
intensive and cheaper but must rely on the source.
Incidence - Answers -How frequently a disease occurs in a specified population over a
period of time.
Prevalence - Answers -The number of cases of a disease, number of infected people,
or number of people with some other attribute present during a particular interval of
time.
Epidemic - Answers -An unexpectedly large number of cases of a disease in a
particular population.
Pandemic - Answers -An outbreak over a wide geographical area such as a continent.
Endemic - Answers -A disease that can occur regularly in a population. It is just around.
Present at a flat, predictable level (ex. Malaria in Africa).
Notifiable Diseases - Answers -Infectious diseases that can become epidemic.
Government agencies need to know when a case occurs so it can be closely monitored
(ex. smallpox, zika virus, malaria).
Social Determinants of Health - Answers -Who they are, what they do, conditions in
which they are born, live, work, grow. Affect money, power, and resources which then
causes health inequities.
Hippocrates (460-377 BC) - Answers -Theory of disease causation. Attempted to
explain diseases rationally. Used observation to see that diseases happen in certain
areas. Geography, eating habits, and climate could impact diseases. First
epidemiologist and father of medicine.
Hippocratic Oath.
John Snow (1813-1858) - Answers -"George Washington" of public health. Father of
epidemiology because of effective use of descriptive epidemiology. Cholera and Broad
Street pump: During an outbreak in London, used descriptive epidemiology to reduce
cases. Used a map to plot where all of the positive cases were, then identified clusters
and recognized that the clusters were near water pumps.
Theorized source of cholera was in water. Removed the pump handle from Broad Street
pump and noticed that cases were reduced.
Descriptive Epidemiology - Answers -Organizing and summarizing data to identify
patterns among cases or in populations by person, place, and time. Develop a
hypothesis on cause of disease and test it.
