CMN 150V Final Review Exam Questions And 100% Correct Verified Answers|

proposes that media influence often works in two stages: (1) media content (opinion and fact) is picked up by people who use the media frequently, and (2) these people, in turn, act as opinion leaders when they discuss the media content with others - correct answers two-step flow model an information diffusion process on Twitter in which a number of people make the same decision of passing along information in a sequential fashion - correct answers Twitter cascades The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. The probability of a post going viral given that the poster is an influencer is not the same as the probability that an influencer posted something given the post went viral. - correct answers base rate fallacy describes the probability of an event, based on prior knowledge of conditions that might be related to the event - correct answers Bayes Rule a person becoming influential depends on the network, not the individual. Most people have very few connections, and a few people have a huge number of connections. - correct answers Degree distribution allow us to do hypothesis testing - correct answers random networks How easily a node can reach all other nodes. the sum of the length of the shortest path between the node and all other nodes in the graph - correct answers closeness centrality entities are connected to each other via multiple types of connections - correct answers multiplex network relating to or using analysis or logical reasoning. mathematical derivation - correct answers analytical related to numbers, or a series of numbers. simulate and count - correct answers numerical a part of the network in which a path can get you from a node to any other node - correct answers component start with n nodes, for independent links with probability p for each node or form M independent links. G(n,p) (analytical) or G(n,M) (numerical) avg degree = (n-1)*p or n/M - correct answers Erdos-Renyi Graph Describes the collaborative distance between a person and mathematician Paul Erdos as measured by authorship of mathematical papers - correct answers Erdos Number at what average degree does a giant component emerge? - correct answers threshold function p 1/n threshold function - correct answers yields one unique giant component p = ln(n) / n threshold function - correct answers yields a fully connected network the probability of a node to connect with new nodes corresponds to the number of existing degrees of a node - correct answers preferential attachment exponentially few nodes with exponentially many links and exponentially many nodes with exponentially few links - correct answers power law cultural groups are internally similar but maintain differences with others - correct answers empirical pattern interaction leads to increased similarity - correct answers influence an idealized abstraction of reality (something of interest) - correct answers model the outcome on the social level is different than the motives of individual people - correct answers social emergence -total is different than the sum of its parts - dependence on initial conditions - invariant distribution of equilibria - phase transitions (tipping points) - correct answers Schelling's Segregation Model opposing forces or influences are balanced and nothing changes anymore - correct answers equilibrium -limited vision and instant growback leads to terracing -more competition - more evolutionary pressures on vision and metabolism - pareto income distribution emerges - correct answers sugarscapes 1, 2, and 3 - less evolutionary pressure - lotka-volterra / predator-prey dynamics - correct answers inheritance - no fluctuation in population, stable society, social hierarchy - after a long time, people who don't participate in the market outcompete the loaners - correct answers lenders and borrowers + inheritance - emergent behavior of diagonal movement which is not possible for individual agents - correct answers seasonal growth of sugar - agents specialize in either sugar or spice, but will need the other eventually - emergent phenomena of trade system - there is a fluctuation of supply and demand and specialists - correct answers cultural differences (sugar vs spice) people take more risks for activities that have a smaller impact and vice versa - correct answers when to take risks most important decisions are playing for a _________ in regards to risks - correct answers max when benefit is the max of many tries, and we have more than a few tries, we choose this - correct answers when to take the risk when our benefit is the mean over many tries, be risk-neutral and take the safer bet - correct answers when to not take the risk The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations - correct answers epidemiology the epidemiologic study of the role of behavioral, social, psychological, economic, cultural, race/ethnic, and social structural factors in the occurrencfe of health problems in groups and populations, and in the development of the risk factors that contribute to these problems - correct answers social epidemiology bottom-up. given change in individual rules, what is the global behavior? - correct answers schelling macro can be surprising top-down. given desired global behavior, what should be the individual rules? - correct answers epstein and axtell micro can be surprising Diversity involves understanding and respecting oneself and others, including differences in language, gender, socioeconomic class, religion, and other human characteristics and traits. It is closely related to interdependence, the reliance upon others in mutually beneficial interactions and exchanges. Sometimes the refusal to accept diversity leads to conflict. - correct answers diversity and interdependence tells us the probabilities of different final outcomes in the model. always probabalistic; it is important to be wary that we don't have certainty in our predictions - correct answers Invariant distribution (equillibrium) model evolves quickly into a stable, homogenous state. Any randomness in the initial pattern disappears - correct answers homogenous state cycle. model evolves quickly into stable or oscillating structures. some of the randomness might remain - correct answers periodic orbit model evolves in a random or pseudo-random or chaotic manner. Any stable structures are quickly destroyed by interactions with the surrounding noise lack of information - correct answers random, deterministic chaos model evolves by forming local structures that interact in complex ways and are able to survive for long periods of time. these interactions are not random, but not clearly determined (somewhat predictable) - correct answers complex Simpler explanations are more likely to be true than complex ones. a mdoel is not done when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away - correct answers Occam's Razor Machines don't need ot be better than the best of us, they just need to be better than the worst of us. They must exploit our weaknesses to dominate us - correct answers machine taking over human the concept that in an environment of unlimited choices, attention itself is a valuable goal. If you don't pay for the product, you are the product - correct answers attention economy proposes positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions as ways to influ