CMN 150V Final Exam questions and answers 100% accurate rated a+|

a small number of influential people can generate a groundswell of support for an idea, brand, or phenomenon - correct answers the law of the few a small group of influencers disseminates information they get from mess media while modifying the opinions of a large number of other people - correct answers two step flow model of influence companies can bypass media and go directly to influencers - correct answers effect of social media on public opinion brookline police department posting a police officer delivering milk; charlie bit my finger - correct answers accidental influencers examples dots by themselves, nobody reposts a tweet; one link with many others branching from that, one person posts a link and many repost it - correct answers twitter cascades example an information diffusion process on twitter in which a number of people make the same decision of passing along information in a sequential fashion - correct answers twitter cascades definition number of followers and past influence - correct answers factors that predict influence a few people have a huge number of connections while most people have very few connections - correct answers degree distribution random, scale-free, small world, hub & spoke/star - correct answers different kinds of networks phenomena/system -- data collection -- abstraction/analysis/model -- hypothesis/stylized facts -- theory -- phenomena/system - correct answers induction phenomena/system -- theory -- hypothesis/stylized facts -- data collection -- abstraction/analysis/model -- phenomena/system - correct answers glass of red wine start with n nodes, form independent links, givens benchmarks; properties look for both numerical and analytical solutions - correct answers random (erdos-renyi) graphs/networks class of networks whose degree distribution follows a power law; as a result these networks include many "very-connected" nodes known as the hubs of connectivity responsible for shaping the way the network operates - correct answers scale-free networks the probability of a node to connect with new nodes corresponds to the number of existing degrees of a node - correct answers preferential attachment between uniform random and preferential attachment; 1/3 random and 2/3 preferential attachment; explains the distribution of how web pages are connected on the world wide web - correct answers hybrid models high level of clustering; unlikely to quickly reach others; small average path length - correct answers small world networks number of connections that exist between nearest neighbors of a node; high means that people group together in different densely connected clusters - correct answers clustering coefficient an effective network for an airline formed by a hub, or a large airport, connected to other smaller airports called spokes - correct answers hub-and-spoke system logic from economic cost & gains; grow/form/rearranges until in equilibrium; maximized benefits and minimized costs - correct answers growing efficient networks some nodes benefit more than others; network might not be stable as some may want to leave or change; not in equilibrium as some nodes could improve their personal situation; total social net efficiency is not fairly distributed among all members of society - correct answers star network configuration sum of values of everybody is high; overall net benefit of it is maximized for the entire network - correct answers social efficiency nobody can get better off by changing the network; nobody can improve the personal standing by modifying the existing social structure - correct answers social stability abstract or physical structures that can potentially represent real-world phenomena - correct answers models examine the clarity of our hypothesis, explore the consequences of our assumptions, explore imagined or counterfactual scenarios, make predictions, identify questions for empirical research - correct answers why models explore forecasts about uncertain futures, allow to clarify misunderstandings about cubist chickens, explore visions of a future that never happened, make us better thinkers - correct answers models can: separation, alignment, and cohesion - correct answers Craig reynold's "boids" understanding cultural boundaries - correct answers social dynamics cultural groups are internally similar but maintain differences with others; neighbors interact with probability to their similarity; interactions cause one individual to change a trait to match the other - correct answers Axelrod's culture model an idealized abstraction that represents something of interest - correct answers model definition randomly distribute a certain number of agents where unhappy agents move randomly to a free spot; social result: society as a whole organized in "neighborhoods" of similarities; example of social emergence - correct answers Schelling's Model mainly hearing what you agree with, which strengthens your existing beliefs while the "other" rarely hears of the opinion of your group, and becomes less convinced it matters - correct answers echochamber a model on netlogo that depicts people of different characteristics that need resources to survive - correct answers sugarscape individuals - correct answers agents fixed; ie resource storage capacity, resource usage capacity (metabolism), resource detention capacity (vision) variable; ie amount of resource storedt - correct answers traits of agents fixed; ie resource storage capacity grouped as mountains variable; ie amount of resources stored - correct answers traits of environment do not change while model runs - correct answers fixed traits traits that change while model runs - correct answers variable traits given (change in) individual rules, what is the global behavior - correct answers bottom-up/micro -- macro given (desired) global behavior, what should be the individual rule - correct answers top-down/macro -- micro greedy, selfish people go through the invisible hand and lead to a prosperous society for everyone - correct answers schelling 1969 model will give you random numbers 0,1,2,3,4 - correct answers random 5 runs [something] one hundred times and gets the resulting values - correct answers n-values 100 [something] calculates the average value of 100 runs of [something] - correct answers mean n-values 100 [something] play it safe, and expect not to fail often - correct answers assured outcomes aim high, and try often (you will mostly fail) - correct answers important decisions the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations - correct answers epidemiology health outcome (cancer, infection disease, cardiovascular), populations (aging, reproductive), or exposures (environmental, social, nutritional) - correct answers epidemiology is organized by: study of the role of behavioral, social, psychological, economic, and other social structural factors in the occurrence of health problems in groups and populations, and in the development of the risk factors that contribute to these problems; concerned with how human and social factors affect health issues in groups of people - correct answers social epidemiology technical innovation is not enough to improve human health; need to link health problems with social problems or else technological advancements will be useless - correct answers why social epidemiology matters health -- biology and interactions between biology and experiences -- behaviors and medical care -- living and working conditions in homes and communities -- economic and social opportunities and resources - correct answers conceptual model for social determinants of health education -- income, wealth, employment, knowledge, etc -- toxic/dangerous environments, behaviors, medical access, etc -- disease, onset, progression, and consequences - correct answers social factors and health more education -- less dementia - correct answers relation between dementia and education observational study that takes naturally occurring data; assignment to the experimental and control conditions are determined by nature or by other factors outside the control of the investigators but the process governing the exposures is not biased in a way that could easily confound your results - correct answers natural experiments occurs with cross sectional studies because only those who survived long enough to be in the study are examined - correct answers survival bias in an experiment, unintended differences between the participants in different groups - correct answers selection bias agent-based emergence, intuitive science exploration, modularity & context scalability, probabilistic humbleness - correct answers characteristics of agent-based simulations complex social systems, social emergence, from factors to actors, diversity and interdependence (tipping points), social bursts - correct answers agent-based emergence the point at which a fundamental shift in the behavior of a system occurs - correct answers tipping point one size does not fit all; scale to local and use context to apply to certain areas - correct answers context sensitivity frozen accidents, invariant distribution, can predict the shape of a distribution of many outcomes, but not the individual outcome itself - correct answers probabilistic humbleness stationary measure, tells the probabilities of different final outcomes of the model - correct answers invariant distribution homogenous state/equilibrium, cycle/periodic orbit, random/chaotic (deterministic chaos), complex - correct answers outcomes of agent-based modeling the model evolves quickly into a stable, homogenous state, any randomness in the initial pattern disappears - correct answers homogenous state/equilibrium the model evolves quickly into stable or oscillating structures, some of the randomness might remain; example: day/night - correct answers cycle/periodic orbit deterministic chaos, model evolves in a random or pseudo-random or chaotic manner, any stable structures are quickly destroyed by interactions with the surrounding noise; highly sensitive to initial conditions - correct answers random/chaotic model evolves by forming local structures that interact in complex ways and are able to survive for long periods of time; these interactions are not random, but also not clearly defined - correct answers complex response: code versus differential formulas that are equivalent - correct answers critique of agent-based computer simulations: it doesn't have the rigor of a mathematical model all models are wrong, but some are useful; if you really want a truly correct model, you need a one-to-one replication of the system; all models must be probabilistic - correct answers critique of agent-based computer simulations: all models are wrong; your model doesn't consider X a metaphor that stands for high sensitivity to initial conditions in chaotic systems - correct answers butterfly effect a model is done not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away - correct answers occam's razor 1796 Edward Jenner cowpox experiment, nazi experiment, US and guatemala syphilis studies - correct answers origins of unethical medical research