CMN 150V Lecture #1 certification exam questions and answers well elaborated|

The digital revolution Late 1980s less than 1% of all technologically stored information was digital, and now more than 99% - correct answers What paradigm underlies "computational science"? Each 2-3 years, as much is added to what we have accumulated since the very beginning - correct answers What does it mean that the amount of technologically stored information "doubles" every 2-3 years? More people document social reality nowadays - correct answers What part of society has changed in a technological aspect? Every time we (life) came with a new way of processing information, a major transition happened. - correct answers What do evolutionary theorist say about the "Major Transitions in Evolution "? society as a whole has become indispensably dependent on digital technology - correct answers From this social evolutionary perspective, the digital and the biological are merged when: The other course is about how digital technology change society, and this one is about how digital technology change knowledge production. - correct answers What's the difference between the two online courses? before 1900, focused on a small number of interrelated variables, simplicity are modelled with a small number of interacting variables - correct answers Why computational social science now? History of science - Problem of "simplicity" subsequent to 1900, probability theory developed, focused on average of many (rather unknown) variables, Averages are modelled with known distributions that summarize many variables - correct answers Problems of averages organized complexity are modelled with a sizable number of organically interrelated variables - correct answers Problems of organized complexity Society contains more than 2-3 variables and are too complex to work with aggregate averages - correct answers Why is it limiting to study society with the dominant scientific methods from the 19th and 20th century? Networks of people and their technology - correct answers When doing social science, we study what level of abstraction? How predictable social patterns emerge from a bunch of individual free will - correct answers What baffled philosophers like Kant and sociologists like Durkheim?? The intention of the individual and collective intentions of a society. The lesser individuals can collaborate to create a large super society - correct answers What was the main distinction made by both economists like smith and political scientist like Rousseau on society?? Empirical: observed data creates a theory Theoretical: develop theory first just based off of ideas and principles Analytical: Combination of them both - and the how each theory occurs - correct answers Computational Social Science covers? steps often used in solving problems in science Induction - starting with an abundant amount of observed data and creating a theory based off of the data Deduction - starting with a thought provoked by principles while data is scarce to create a theory - correct answers Scienctific method The digital evidence you leave behind with a digital interaction (cell phone call, internet search, app roaming) - correct answers What is a digital foot or digital trace? Data = Analysis = Ideas can lead to an exaggerated focus on data -- choosing data to do analysis simply because it is available - correct answers How do you approach science through induction and what is its limitations? Not complete accurate due to no data to back it up - correct answers Limitations of Deduction? Many scientific results cannot be repeated and therefore 1/2 of the data in the world is un-true - correct answers What is a replication crisis? overviewing of big data - Digital footprint - web scrapping - correct answers What are some examples of computational Social Science? artificial intelligence subfield is when computer programs are used to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data - correct answers What is Natural Language Processing (NLP)? Past does not equal the future so all the data collected is past information it cannot directly relate to the future - with more time patterns change, more people involved - correct answers Limitations of computer stimulations From interdependencies/interactions - correct answers Where does "non-linearity" come from? almost all patterns are non-linear such as social processes - making it extremely hard to see change coming in the future no quick solution - forever changing - correct answers What is non-linearity? They are all wrong in some way since its a simplification of reality which is too complex to capture in a model However they are still useful - they shape the thinking and can show bad outcomes even in good intentions - correct answers What are benefits of scientific mo