CMN 150V Midterm Spring 2022 latest updated exam questions and answers solved|

Which is true about the world's info storage capacity? - correct answers In the late 1980s, less than 1% of all technologically stored information was digital and now more than 99% What paradigm underlies "computational science"? - correct answers The digital revolution If we would take 5ZB of information and store it in books. How far would the pile reach? - correct answers Many times from the Earth to the Sun What does it mean that the amount of technologically stored information "doubles" every 2-3 years? - correct answers Each 2-3 years, as much is added to what we have accumulated since the very beginning What changed in the announcement of the papacy from 2005 to 2013? - correct answers More people document social reality nowadays The DNA of all human cells stored ____ info then digital technology in 2014. - correct answers less What do evolutionary theorists say about the "Major Transitions in Evolution?" - correct answers Every time we (life) came up with a new way of processing information, a major transition happened From this social evolutionary perspective, the digital and the biological are merged when: - correct answers Society as a whole has become indispensably dependent on digital technology The first wave of scientific advancements focused on: - correct answers A small number of interrelated variables The second wave of scientific advancements focused on: - correct answers Averages of many (rather unknown) variables Which of the following statements is NOT true? What we here called problems of: - correct answers Complexity is modeled with simple averages of a small number of interacting variables Why is it limiting to study society with the dominant scientific methods from the 19th and 20th century? - correct answers Societies contain more than 2-3 variables and are too complex to be modeled with aggregate averages problems of "simplicity" - correct answers population & time; production & trade; temperature & pressure problems of "averages" - correct answers probability many variables air molecules Law of Large Numbers problems of organized complexity: - correct answers cannot be handled with statistical techniques When doing social science, we study what level of abstraction? - correct answers Networks of people and their tech How and in reference to what did he use the word "emergence"?(pyramid of sciences) - correct answers At each of these levels, new rules/laws "emerge" that can be studied Who does the Anteater communicate with in this metaphor?(referring to social emergence) - correct answers An ant colony called "Aunt Hillary" (a collective intelligence "emerging" from many levels (think science pyramid) originally from ants) What baffled philosophers like Kant and sociologists like Durkheim? - correct answers How predictable social patterns emerge from a bunch of individual free will What was a main distinction made by both economists like Smith and political scientists like Rousseau? The distinction between: - correct answers The intention of the individual and collective intentions of society What did the eminent social scientist Karl Marx mean when he talked about what others called the "basic metaphysical principle of Dialectics"? - correct answers More of something (quantitative difference) can at some point create unexpected emergent phenomena (qualitative changes) All different kinds of "social science" disciplines are fundamentally interested in: - correct answers How society emerges from individual parts emergence is... - correct answers complexity arising from simplicity. small things creating bigger parts What was the main approach toward science adopted by Charles Darwin? - correct answers He made empirical observations and from there, developed ideas What did Albert Einstein do in 1905 and 1915? - correct answers He developed theory, not based on empirical observations, but on ideas and first principles How do Einstein and Darwin's methods relate to the "very short history of science" of three consecutive waves that we had reviewed? - correct answers Einstein worked on a problem with few variables (E=mc^2) and Darwin on one with average tendencies of many observations What is the so-called "digital footprint" or "digital trace"? - correct answers The digital evidence you leave behind with a digital interaction How do you approach science through induction? - correct answers Data (theory) - Analysis - Ideas Loosely speaking, what term can you use to explain what a hypothesis is? - correct answers a directed bet induction - correct answers data is abundant, good theory is scarce deduction - correct answers thoughts are abundant, good data is scarce The method that Albert Einstein spearheaded in the work on relativity by going from mathematical theories over hypothesis toward observable phenomena is called: - correct answers deduction data collection - correct answers capturing and gathering all data necessary to complete the processing of transactions The scientific approach described here, going from empirical evidence ('statistics') to theoretical framework ('on digital development') is called: - correct answers Induction deduction model - correct answers theory-- hypotheses-- analysis/model -- data collection -- phenomena/system induction model - correct answers phenomena/system -- data collection -- analysis/model -- hypotheses -- theory With tongue-in-cheek ('jokingly'), the unconventional name of 'glass of red wine theorizing' is used here to characterize a very common way to deduce hypotheses in the social sciences. Which one? - correct answers Examine the logical interrelationships among some collection of verbal statements or thoughts Which approaches are here informally/ jokingly called "glass of red wine theorizing"? (check all that apply) - correct answers 1. starting from visionary ideas and then collecting empirical data to test the ideas with hypotheses 2. starting from an intellectual conversation with leading experts and then formulating hypotheses What is the so-called "replication crisis"? - correct answers Many scientific results can not be repeated Why did we say that social science is the most complex of all sciences? - correct answers It's on top of a hierarchy of emergence that subsumes other science disciplines