CMN 150V Midterm #1 Study Guide possible questions and answers 100% accurately solved|

Digital Revolution - correct answers The paradigm that underlies computational science is the Many times from the Earth to the Sun, about 4,500 piles - correct answers If we would take 5ZB of information and store it in books. How far would the pile reach? Each 2-3 years, as much is added to what we have accumulated since the very beginning. It doubles every 2.5 years - correct answers What does it mean that the amount of technologically stored information "doubles" every 2-3 years? when we discover a new way to process information. - correct answers Every transition of evolution in life (Such as RNA to DNA) happens when society as a whole became indispensably dependent on digital technology. - correct answers the digital and the biological were merged when. A small number of interrelated variables. (temperature & pressure, population & time, production & trade, etc.) - correct answers The first wave of scientific advantages focused on averages of many (rather unknown) variables - correct answers The second wave of scientific advancements focused on Societies contain more than 2-3 variables and are too complex to be modeled with aggregate averages. - correct answers Why is it limiting to study society with the dominant scientific methods from the 19th and 20th century? Networks of people and their tech. - correct answers When doing social sciences, we study what level of abstraction? at each of these levels, new rules/laws "emerge" that can be studied - correct answers Professor Hilbert uses the term "emergence" in relation to these levels of study (physics, chemistry, biology, social science, etc )by saying How predictable social patterns emerge from a bunch of individual free will - correct answers What baffled philosophers like Kant and sociologists like Durkheim? The intention of the individual and collective intentions of society - correct answers The main distinction made by both economists like Adam Smith and political scientists like Jean-J. Rousseau was the distinction between? More of something (quantitative difference) can at some point create unexpected emergent phenomena (qualitative changes) - correct answers What did the eminent social scientist Karl Marx mean when he talked about what others called the 'basic metaphysical principles of Dialectics'? How society emerges from individual parts - correct answers All different kinds of "social science" disciplines are fundamentally interested in what Empirical, Theory Theory, Empirical - correct answers Charles Darwin used _______ observations to then create a _____, while Albert Einstein used _____ and then _________ proved that he was correct "Big Data" - correct answers We often get our Empirical Evidence from our "___ ____" Which tells us (WHAT? happened) WHY it happens - correct answers Theoretical Evidence from Computer Simulations explain the _____ HOW it happens - correct answers Analytical Evidence explains ______ The digital evidence you leave behind with a digital interaction - correct answers What is the so-called "digital footprint" or "digital trace"? A circle of components (--observations--gathered data-- abstract/analyze a model--Hypothesize--Create a theory--) that you of the researcher can structure how you will walk through this maze from one end to the other. - correct answers Why is the revisited scientific method helpful for computation social science and for different scientists like Charles Darwin and Albert Einstein? Data (observations) → Analysis → Ideas - correct answers How do you approach science through induction? Induction - correct answers The scientific approach, going from empirical evidenced ("statistics") to theoretical framework ("on digital development") is called a directed bet - correct answers Loosely speaking, what term can you use to explain what a hypothesis is? Deduction - correct answers The method that Albert Einstein spearheaded in the work on relativity by going from mathematical theories over hypothesis toward observable phenomena is called: Examines the logical interrelationships among some collection of verbal statements or thoughts - correct answers How is 'glass of red wine theorizing' is used to characterize a very common way to deduce hypotheses in the social sciences. Refers to a methodological crisis to science in which scientists have found that the results of many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to replicate/reproduce on subsequent investigation - correct answers What is the Replication Crisis. What does it ential Realistic ones - correct answers Can handle simple and large problems, but not Reliable results - correct answers What is social science pretty bad at producing? It's on top of a hierarchy of emergence that subsumes other science disciplines. - correct answers why is social science is the most complex of all sciences? It is not representative of all people that the digital footprint is interested in figuring out. - correct answers What could be a "sampling issue" by drawing conclusions from a digital footprint? How it actually works - correct answers Without tracking social networks we miss an important aspect of More efficient - correct answers The network structure of society can reveal insights to make interventions _______. Natural Language Processing (NLP) - correct answers When Computer programs are used to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data, computer science and AI subfields is generally referred to as The future. - correct answers From a theoretical standpoint, the past does not represent ______. Data are always from the past and by itself cannot predict future dynamics different from the past. - correct answers What is the ultimate limitation to the power of big data Universe - correct answers George Box says the phrase "All models are wrong but some are useful!". Then he says The only working model of a universe is a _____? Models are a simplification of reality that is way too complex to capture fully. - correct answers What is one of the reasons why all scientific models must be wrong?