PUBH 302 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE 2026
Pubic Health definitions - Answers --fulfilling society's interest in assuring conditions in
which people can be healthy
-to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and
disability
-successive re-defining of the unacceptable
Health - Answers -a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; NOT
merely the absence of disease; quality of life
Determinants of Health - Answers -underlying factors that ultimately bring about
disease, disability, death; sometimes called the causes of causes
-behavior, infection, genetics, geography, environment, medical care, socioeconomic-
cultural
Leading causes of death shift - Answers -1900- pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea and
enteritis
1997- heart disease, cancer, and stroke
-causes of death shifted from infectious to non-infectious and from acute to chronic
-most of our chronic health problems are preventable!
Three levels of prevention - Answers -1. Primary: efforts that forestall onset of illness or
injury before evidence of symptoms, signs
2. Secondary: efforts that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment to limit disability,
impairment, dependency, or severity
3. Tertiary: efforts aimed at rehabilitation, treatment following significant pathogenesis
life expectancy vs. infant mortality - Answers -life expectancy at birth has risen while
the infant mortality rate has decreased
calculating overall infant mortality - Answers --the number of children who die each
year before their first birthday
neonatal birth deaths (less than 28 days) plus post-neonatal deaths (28 days to 11
months)
infant mortality indicators - Answers --infant mortality is used to compare the health and
well-being of populations across and within countries
-infant mortality indicates current health status of the population and predicts the health
of the next generation
-white females have the highest life expectancy at birth followed by black female, white
male, then black male
, The social-ecological model - Answers -illustrates how the individual, relationship,
community, and society effect each other and are interconnected; factors at one level
influence factors at another level
Cradle of Shame articles - Answers -Infants in rural South Carolina die at an alarming
rate, nearly that of a third world/ developing country
-less access to doctors, doctors don't want to live in rural areas
-medicaid doesn't help when theres no providers, need telomedicine
-little pre-natal or healthy habit education --> unhealthy population
-Nurse Family Partnership pairs nurses with mothers
-OBGYN residencies could help train doctors better for births
Cavemen - Answers -the first to practice public health-->ensure survival
Ancient Greeks - Answers -personal hygiene, physical fitness, naturalistic concept
Hippocrates - Answers -father of western medicine, coined the term epidemic,
discovered casual relationships (disease and climate, water, lifestyle, and nutrition),
knew illness had an explanation
Roman Empire - Answers -adopted Greek health values, engineers (sewage systems,
aqueducts), administration (taxes for public baths, water supply)
Middle Ages - Answers -shift away from Greek and Roman values, focus more on
spiritual health, decline in sanitation/hygiene, isolated ships and diseased individuals
could help prevent the spread of diseases
The Plague - Answers -killed 25-50% population in Western Europe, the bubonic and
pneumonic plagues
Renaissance - Answers -disease spread by traders and explorers, killed 90% of
indigenous people in New World
Age of Reason and Enlightenment - Answers -- birth of modern medicine
- William Harvey
- Edward Jenner
William Harvey - Answers --heart and circulatory system
-suggested all mammals reproduce by fertilization
-used dissection
Edward Jenner - Answers --coined the term vaccine
-1796 cowpox experiment that proved cowpox provided immunity against smallpox
Industrialization/Urbanization - Answers -new public health problems (slums, poverty,
disease, worse than 1000 years before)
Pubic Health definitions - Answers --fulfilling society's interest in assuring conditions in
which people can be healthy
-to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and
disability
-successive re-defining of the unacceptable
Health - Answers -a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; NOT
merely the absence of disease; quality of life
Determinants of Health - Answers -underlying factors that ultimately bring about
disease, disability, death; sometimes called the causes of causes
-behavior, infection, genetics, geography, environment, medical care, socioeconomic-
cultural
Leading causes of death shift - Answers -1900- pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea and
enteritis
1997- heart disease, cancer, and stroke
-causes of death shifted from infectious to non-infectious and from acute to chronic
-most of our chronic health problems are preventable!
Three levels of prevention - Answers -1. Primary: efforts that forestall onset of illness or
injury before evidence of symptoms, signs
2. Secondary: efforts that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment to limit disability,
impairment, dependency, or severity
3. Tertiary: efforts aimed at rehabilitation, treatment following significant pathogenesis
life expectancy vs. infant mortality - Answers -life expectancy at birth has risen while
the infant mortality rate has decreased
calculating overall infant mortality - Answers --the number of children who die each
year before their first birthday
neonatal birth deaths (less than 28 days) plus post-neonatal deaths (28 days to 11
months)
infant mortality indicators - Answers --infant mortality is used to compare the health and
well-being of populations across and within countries
-infant mortality indicates current health status of the population and predicts the health
of the next generation
-white females have the highest life expectancy at birth followed by black female, white
male, then black male
, The social-ecological model - Answers -illustrates how the individual, relationship,
community, and society effect each other and are interconnected; factors at one level
influence factors at another level
Cradle of Shame articles - Answers -Infants in rural South Carolina die at an alarming
rate, nearly that of a third world/ developing country
-less access to doctors, doctors don't want to live in rural areas
-medicaid doesn't help when theres no providers, need telomedicine
-little pre-natal or healthy habit education --> unhealthy population
-Nurse Family Partnership pairs nurses with mothers
-OBGYN residencies could help train doctors better for births
Cavemen - Answers -the first to practice public health-->ensure survival
Ancient Greeks - Answers -personal hygiene, physical fitness, naturalistic concept
Hippocrates - Answers -father of western medicine, coined the term epidemic,
discovered casual relationships (disease and climate, water, lifestyle, and nutrition),
knew illness had an explanation
Roman Empire - Answers -adopted Greek health values, engineers (sewage systems,
aqueducts), administration (taxes for public baths, water supply)
Middle Ages - Answers -shift away from Greek and Roman values, focus more on
spiritual health, decline in sanitation/hygiene, isolated ships and diseased individuals
could help prevent the spread of diseases
The Plague - Answers -killed 25-50% population in Western Europe, the bubonic and
pneumonic plagues
Renaissance - Answers -disease spread by traders and explorers, killed 90% of
indigenous people in New World
Age of Reason and Enlightenment - Answers -- birth of modern medicine
- William Harvey
- Edward Jenner
William Harvey - Answers --heart and circulatory system
-suggested all mammals reproduce by fertilization
-used dissection
Edward Jenner - Answers --coined the term vaccine
-1796 cowpox experiment that proved cowpox provided immunity against smallpox
Industrialization/Urbanization - Answers -new public health problems (slums, poverty,
disease, worse than 1000 years before)
