, ATLAS
GRAY’S
OF ANATOMY Third Edition
Richard L. Drake A. Wayne Vogl Adam W.M. Mitchell
PhD, FAAA PhD, FAAA MBBS, FRCS, FRCR
Director of Anatomy Professor of Anatomy Consultant Radiologist and Senior
Professor of Surgery and Cell Biology Lecturer Imperial College
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College Department of Cellular Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
of Medicine and Physiological Sciences London, UK
Case Western Reserve Faculty of Medicine
University University of British Columbia
Cleveland, Ohio, USA Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada
Illustrated by
Richard M. Tibbitts Paul E. Richardson
Saffron Walden, UK Cambridge, UK
Photographs by
Ansell Horn
,Elsevier
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
GRAY’S ATLAS OF ANATOMY, THIRD EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-63639-1
INTERNATIONAL EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-63640-7
Copyright © 2021 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid
advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages
should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors,
editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or
ideas contained in the material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2015 and 2008.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019957237
Content Strategist: Jeremy Bowes
Director, Content Development: Rebecca Gruliow
Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson
Senior Project Manager: Daniel Fitzgerald
Design and Art Direction: Antbits Ltd.
Cover design: Amy Buxton
Printed in Canada
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
, To my wife who supports me and to my parents who are always with me.
Richard L. Drake
To my family, to my professional colleagues and role models, and to
my students.
A. Wayne Vogl
Thanks, to Cathy, Max and Elsa
Adam W.M. Mitchell
To my family – my inspiration, Evi, Zoë, and Nicholas
Richard M. Tibbitts
To my wife Fern, Junior, Ava and Henry, to Lesley and in memory of
AMR and JER
Paul E. Richardson
GRAY’S
OF ANATOMY Third Edition
Richard L. Drake A. Wayne Vogl Adam W.M. Mitchell
PhD, FAAA PhD, FAAA MBBS, FRCS, FRCR
Director of Anatomy Professor of Anatomy Consultant Radiologist and Senior
Professor of Surgery and Cell Biology Lecturer Imperial College
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College Department of Cellular Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
of Medicine and Physiological Sciences London, UK
Case Western Reserve Faculty of Medicine
University University of British Columbia
Cleveland, Ohio, USA Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada
Illustrated by
Richard M. Tibbitts Paul E. Richardson
Saffron Walden, UK Cambridge, UK
Photographs by
Ansell Horn
,Elsevier
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
GRAY’S ATLAS OF ANATOMY, THIRD EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-63639-1
INTERNATIONAL EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-63640-7
Copyright © 2021 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid
advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages
should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors,
editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or
ideas contained in the material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2015 and 2008.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019957237
Content Strategist: Jeremy Bowes
Director, Content Development: Rebecca Gruliow
Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson
Senior Project Manager: Daniel Fitzgerald
Design and Art Direction: Antbits Ltd.
Cover design: Amy Buxton
Printed in Canada
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
, To my wife who supports me and to my parents who are always with me.
Richard L. Drake
To my family, to my professional colleagues and role models, and to
my students.
A. Wayne Vogl
Thanks, to Cathy, Max and Elsa
Adam W.M. Mitchell
To my family – my inspiration, Evi, Zoë, and Nicholas
Richard M. Tibbitts
To my wife Fern, Junior, Ava and Henry, to Lesley and in memory of
AMR and JER
Paul E. Richardson
