MGMT Final Exam Questions And Correct Detailed Answers With Rationales

A small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually acceptable - correct answers Team -2 or more people -A shared purpose and common identity -Work interdependently/joint effort -Collective work products/services -Mutual accountbility - correct answers What are some characteristics of a team? Groups formed by a manager to help the organization accomplish its goals - correct answers Formal Groups -Accomplish complex tasks -Create new ideas - correct answers Organizational Functions of Formal Groups Satisfy the need for affiliation, identity (group membership defines who we are), and develop ones sense of self-esteem (tied to group success) - correct answers Individual Functions of Formal Groups -"Ice-breaking" -Introduction of members -Uncertainty about individuals' roles, leaders, and goals -Main task=building on a common purpose - correct answers Stage 1 of Group Development: Forming -"Testing" -Test leaders' policies to determine how each member fits into the power structure -Stage about "me" in relation to "us" -Disagreements and conflicts arise -Hardest stage to pass - correct answers Stage 2 of Group Development: Storming -Conflicts are solved -Team spirit and togetherness -Role clarification established -Group cohesiveness is formed - correct answers Stage 3 of Group Development: Norming -Group goes into action -Focusing on solving task problems -More is achieved than the individual could achieve by him/herself - correct answers Stage 4 of Group Development: Performing -The work is done -Discussion about performance -Preparation for future work - correct answers Stage 5 of Group Development: Adjourning -Abilities of members -Personality of members -Diversity -Team size - correct answers Team Composition Enables the work group to define, clarify, and pursue a common purpose - correct answers Task Role Foster supportive and constructive interpersonal relationships - correct answers Maintenance Role An attitude, opinion, feeling, or action shared by 2 or more people that guides their behavior - correct answers Norms The degree to which members are attached to each other and motivated to stay in the group - correct answers Cohesiveness Members withhold their efforts and fail to perform their share of work - correct answers Social Loafing/Free-Riding -Stage 1: identify the problem or opportunity -Stage 2: generate alternative solutions -Stage 3: evaluate alternatives and select a solution -Stage 4: implement and evaluate the solution chosen - correct answers Rational Model of Decision Making -Attempt to explain how decisions are actually made -Decision making is uncertain -Decision makers don't possess complete information -Difficult for managers to make optimal/best possible decisions - correct answers Non-rational Models of Decision Making -Bounded rationality: the notion that decision makers are "bounded" or restricted by a variety of constraints -Satisficing: solution meets some minimum qualifications; one that is "good enough" -Subject to decision making biases - correct answers Simon's Normative Model -Rules of thumb or shortcuts that people use to reduce information processing demands -Help decision makers reduce the uncertainty and evaluate current problems -Can lead to systematic errors - correct answers Judgmental Heuristics -A paradox about traditional rational choice theory -The tendency to stick to an ineffective course of action when it is unlikely that the bad situation can be reversed - correct answers Escalation of Commitment Tendency to base decisions on information that is readily available in memory - correct answers Availability Heuristic -Used when people estimate the probability of an event occurring -The tendency to assess the likelihood of an event occurring based on one's impressions about similar occurrences - correct answers Representativeness Heuristic -Tendency to be overconfident about estimate or forecasts -Quite common in reality - correct answers Overconfidence Bias -Occurs when decision makers are influenced by the initial information received about a decision, even if it's irrelevant -Happens because initial information anchor our judgements - correct answers Anchoring Bias -Occurred when a decision is influenced by the way in which a problem or decision alternative is phrased or presented - correct answers Framing Bias -A loss is more significant than the equivalent gain -A sure gain is favored over a probabilistic gain and a probabilistic loss is preferred to a definite loss - correct answers Prospect Theory Decide before investigation and then seek information to confirm the decision - correct answers Confirmation Bias Knowledge of an outcome influences beliefs about the probability that we could have predicted the outcome earlier - correct answers Hindsight Bias -A mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group -When members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action - correct answers Groupthink -Reached when everyone agrees to support the outcome -Doesn't require unanimous agreement on the decision per se, but collective effort to work toward the success of the decision - correct answers Consensus A capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so B acts in accordance with A's wishes - correct answers Social Power A person can have power over you only if he/she controls something you desire - correct answers Dependency -The opposite of coercive -Obtaining compliance by promising or granting rewards -We have the resources to give people what they want so you can tell them what to do - correct answers 5 Bases of Power: Reward -Fear of negative results from failing to comply -Obtaining compliance through threatened or actual punishment -You have some resources that are threatening or punishing to people - correct answers 5 Bases of Power: Coercive -Broader than coercive and reward -Obtaining compliance through formal authority to control and use organizational resources -You have the authority or a certain higher status that give you the power -Can also include reward or coercive power - correct answers 5 Bases of Power: Legitimate -Obtaining compliance through one's knowledge or information -You have the power not only becuase you have the resources or position, but because you have the knowledge that makes people trust and believe you - correct answers 5 Bases of Power: Expert -Identification with a person who has desirable resources or traits -Obtaining compliance through charisma or personal attraction -You are more likely to listen to someone or trust them becuase you like them and look up to them - correct answers 5 Bases of Power: Referent Trying to convince someone with reason, logic, or facts - correct answers Soft Influence Tactics: Rational Persuasion Trying to build enthusiasm by appealing to others' emotions, ideals, or values - correct answers Soft Influence Tactics: Inspirational Appeals Getting others to participate in planning, making decisions, and changes - correct answers Soft Influence Tactics: Consulatation -Getting someone in a good mood prior to making a request -Being friendly, helpful, and using praise, flattery or humor - correct answers Soft Influence Tactics: Ingratiation Referring to a friendship and loyalty when making a request - correct answers Soft Influence Tactics: Personal Appeals Making explicit or implied promises and trading favors - correct answers Hard Influence Tactics: Exchange Getting other to support your efforts to persuade someone - correct answers Hard Influence Tactics: Coalition Tactics Demanding compliance or using intimidation or threats - correct answers Hard Influence Tactics: Pressure Basing a request on one's authority or right, organizational rule or policies, or explicit or implied support from superiors - correct answers Hard Influence Tactics: Legitimating Tactics -People tend to defer to and respect credible experts -People will do anything that someone with authority tells them to do even if its morally wrong - correct answers 6 Principles of Influence and Persuasion: Authority -People tend to like those who like them -People will be influenced by people they like and want to do what they do - correct answers 6 Principles of Influence and Persuasion: Liking -Belief that both good and bad deeds should be repaid in kind is virtually universal -People tend to be influenced by an exchange - correct answers 6 Principles of Influence and Persuasion: Recipocity -People tend to follow the lead of those most like themselves -People do what other people like them to do - correct answers 6 Principles of Influence and Persuasion: Social Proof -People tend to do what they are personally committed to -People do what they are used to doing - correct answers 6 Principles of Influence and Persuasion: Consistency -People want items, information, and opportunities that have limited availability -People will do something that is unique and rare - correct answers 6 Principles of Influence and Persuasion: Scarcity The process by which people attempt to manage or control the perceptions others form of them - correct answers Impression Management -Conformity=agreeing with someone's opinion -Favors=doing something nice for someone - correct answers Ingratiation Impression Management -Excuses=explanations of a predicament-creating event aimed at minim