Samenvatting Hoorcolleges en Literatuur Migrants And Integration

Lectures & Literature Migrants & Integration

Inhoudsopgave
Lectures & Literature Migrants & Integration........................................................................................1
Week 1................................................................................................................................................1
Lecture 1, February 17th 2021........................................................................................................1
Literature........................................................................................................................................7
Week 2..............................................................................................................................................15
Lecture 2, February 24th 2021......................................................................................................15
Literature......................................................................................................................................19
Lecture 3, March 3rd 2021...........................................................................................................25
Literature......................................................................................................................................30
Week 4..............................................................................................................................................40
Lecture 4, March 10th 2021..........................................................................................................40
Literature......................................................................................................................................44
Week 5..............................................................................................................................................50
Lecture 5, March 17th 2021..........................................................................................................50
Literature......................................................................................................................................56
Week 6..............................................................................................................................................62
Lecture 6, 24th march 2021..........................................................................................................62
Literature......................................................................................................................................65
Week 7..............................................................................................................................................75
Lecture 7, 31st March 2021...........................................................................................................75
Literature......................................................................................................................................77




Week 1
Lecture 1, February 17th 2021
International migration=

1

, - A movement across international boundaries which constitute a change of residence
- For purpose of international comparison permanent and long-term immigrants should
include both citizen and foreign nationals intending to stay for more than a year.
- International Organization for Migration (IOM) defines immigration as a process by which
non-nationals move into a country for the purpose of settlement.




Refugees and asylum seekers

- Refugees; fleeing their home country to save their lives and who have been accepted and
recognized as such in their host country
- Asylum seekers are people who make a formal request for asylum in another country
because they fear their life is at risk in their country of origin
- Rejected asylum seekers are not able to return to country of origin

You can also ask for asylum with the UN:

- 1951 UN convention their definition: refugee: a person outside his or her country and “owing
to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality or political
opinion”
- 2016 New York Declaration for refugees and migrants (important to distinguish “refugees”
from “migrants”)

Various dichotomies in labeling migrants:

- Voluntary versus forced migrants (due to threats to life, war, natural disasters)
- Self-supported (can pay for themselves) versus smuggled (third party helps them, often
illegal)
- Documented (with visas, legitimate reasons) versus undocumented (or unauthorized)
- Orderly (legal process) versus irregular (or illegal)

For example: you can be a documented illegal immigrant.




Concerns labelling/use of types/dichotomies

- Different definitions/interpretations in different countries: difficult to compare them



2

, - Labels do not fit complex (changing) realities (e.g. same person may be classifies as a refugee
and family or labor migrant)
- Some labels/types have a negative connotation in some contexts (which may hinder
integration and disacknowledge individual characteristics)

From various countries of origin

- Nowadays immigrants from many different countries of origin in many countries of
destination, which makes it complex
- More diversity in terms of nationalities, ethnic groups, cultures, religious denominations
- And differences in time of arrival: some immigrant groups have a relatively longer history in
country of destination due to some special circumstances such as decolonization, war,
recruitment of guest workers and international treaties (e.g. EU).

What were/are main migration routes?




Actual trends in migration to the NL since 2000

- Family migration is the main type in numerical terms
- Asylum migration volume fluctuated considerably
o Reduced to less than one third between 2000 and 2009
o Increased to all time record in 2014 and 2015
- Strong increase in labor migration (mainly from EU
- Strong increase in international students

Migration data

- Population registers (OECD, EUROSTAT)
- Administrative sources (visas, residence permits)
- Border controls (entry and departure)
- Household surveys 9e.g. census, smaller scale surveys)
- Interview

Migration data limitations and concerns

- Sometimes difficult to compare stocks or flow across countries: different definitions (e.g.
foreign-born and foreign nationals, way of data-collection (e.g. census and registration data)
- Illegal/irregular immigrants are not included in official data sources
- Mainly “Western” countries (OECD) collect migration data in a systematic way (allowing
cross-national comparisons)

3

, - Only a few (comparative) survey studies focus on explanatory factors. These studies often
measure intention to migrate and not actual migration (these 2 are not necessarily
correlated)

Theories on migration patterns

Explanations at different levels of analysis:

- Micro-level: characteristics of individuals
- Meso-level: characteristics of migrant networks or household
- Macro-level: characteristics of countries (push factors in country of origin, pull factors in
country of destination)

5 main theories:

1. Neo-classical economics theory
Main assumptions:
 People are rational
 Individuals move to where they will get the most gain
 This is an investment in human capital (training, education, skills one possess)

Macro-level: push-pull approach

Main explanatory variables:

 Income/wage differential
 Unemployment differential

Some recent studies apply a newer version of this theory include a broader range of push-
and pull factors (e.g. weather, nature)

Micro-level: cost-benefit analysis

Main explanatory variables:

 Expected income (differential)
 Likelihood of employment
2. New economics theory
Main assumptions:
 Migration decisions are taken by larger units of people (e.g. families, households,
communities) in order to minimize risk of household income
 Focus on country of origin
 Notion of relative deprivation (i.e. reference groups is other families/communities in
country of origin)

Main explanatory variables:

 Low/no access to capital (i.e. deficiency of insurance, credit, and consumer market)
 Lack of social security
 High transaction costs (e.g. interest rates)



3. Segmented labor market theory
Main assumptions:

4