Health and Healing IV final test Questions With Complete
Solutions
Delirium predisposing factors (risks of developing delirium):
*Over 75 yrs old
*Alcohol misuse
*Comorbid or severe illness
*Dementia
*Depression
*Functional impairment
*History of CVA (cerebral vascular accident)
*History of delirium
*Pain
*Sensory impairment
Delirium precipitating factors (triggers):
*Abnormal electrolytes
*Bladder catheter
*Coma
*meds/multiple prescribed
*Psychoactive/sedatives/hypnotics
*Latrogenic events
*Infection
*Overstimulating or under stimulating environment
*Physical restraints
*Surgery/trauma/urgent admission
Delirium subtypes
,*Hyperactive delirium (restlessness, agitation, hypervigilance)
*Hypoactive delirium (lethargy, drowsiness, decreased motor
activity)
*Mixed delirium (features both hypoactive and hyperactive)
Delirium diagnostic studies
*Behavioral observation
*Mental status examination
*confusion assessment method widely used
*Routine lab work
*Blood cultures
*CXR (chest X-ray)
*Urinalysis
Dementia
a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including
memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by
personality changes
*Note: The multiple effects on cognition and slow gradual
decline differentiate dementia from delirium, which has a
sudden onset.
*More common in women than men
Types of Dementia:
1.Alzheimer's Disease 63%
2.Vascular dementia 20%
, 3.Dementia with Lewy bodies 5%
4.Frontotemporal dementia 5%
Clinical manifestations of dementia:
*Amnesia (the loss of memories, including facts, information
and experiences)
*Aphasia (loss of ability to express and understand language)
*Agnosia (inability to recognize common objects)
*Apraxia (loss of ability to initiate purposeful movement)
*Altered perception (misinterpretation of sensory information)
*Apathy (loss of drive or initiative)
*Anosognosia (Loss of ability to realize there is a problem with
memory or function)
*Attentional deficits (decreased ability to pay attention and
focus)
Dementia diagnostic tests:
§No single clinical test
§Made once all conditions ruled out
§History & physical examination
§Patient & family interview
§Routine lab work
§Neuropsychological testing (MMSE)
§Mental status testing
§CT/ MRI/PET scans
§Depression often mistaken for dementia
Medication therapy for Dementia:
Solutions
Delirium predisposing factors (risks of developing delirium):
*Over 75 yrs old
*Alcohol misuse
*Comorbid or severe illness
*Dementia
*Depression
*Functional impairment
*History of CVA (cerebral vascular accident)
*History of delirium
*Pain
*Sensory impairment
Delirium precipitating factors (triggers):
*Abnormal electrolytes
*Bladder catheter
*Coma
*meds/multiple prescribed
*Psychoactive/sedatives/hypnotics
*Latrogenic events
*Infection
*Overstimulating or under stimulating environment
*Physical restraints
*Surgery/trauma/urgent admission
Delirium subtypes
,*Hyperactive delirium (restlessness, agitation, hypervigilance)
*Hypoactive delirium (lethargy, drowsiness, decreased motor
activity)
*Mixed delirium (features both hypoactive and hyperactive)
Delirium diagnostic studies
*Behavioral observation
*Mental status examination
*confusion assessment method widely used
*Routine lab work
*Blood cultures
*CXR (chest X-ray)
*Urinalysis
Dementia
a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including
memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by
personality changes
*Note: The multiple effects on cognition and slow gradual
decline differentiate dementia from delirium, which has a
sudden onset.
*More common in women than men
Types of Dementia:
1.Alzheimer's Disease 63%
2.Vascular dementia 20%
, 3.Dementia with Lewy bodies 5%
4.Frontotemporal dementia 5%
Clinical manifestations of dementia:
*Amnesia (the loss of memories, including facts, information
and experiences)
*Aphasia (loss of ability to express and understand language)
*Agnosia (inability to recognize common objects)
*Apraxia (loss of ability to initiate purposeful movement)
*Altered perception (misinterpretation of sensory information)
*Apathy (loss of drive or initiative)
*Anosognosia (Loss of ability to realize there is a problem with
memory or function)
*Attentional deficits (decreased ability to pay attention and
focus)
Dementia diagnostic tests:
§No single clinical test
§Made once all conditions ruled out
§History & physical examination
§Patient & family interview
§Routine lab work
§Neuropsychological testing (MMSE)
§Mental status testing
§CT/ MRI/PET scans
§Depression often mistaken for dementia
Medication therapy for Dementia:
