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Final Exam: NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology (Latest 2026/ 2027) Graded A+ |
Rasmussen
Explain primary prevention
Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people
Explain secondary prevention
"Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early
before it spreads
Explain tertiary prevention
"Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the
person has the condition
What are examples of primary prevention?
Vaccinations and Handwashing
What are examples of secondary prevention?
PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
What are examples of tertiary prevention?
Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to
prevent pressure ulcer
What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight response?
Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased
respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light response?
Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action
Explain the role of the nucleus
control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build
body proteins
Explain the role of the mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA
,Explain the role of the ribosome
produces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA
into a protein
Explain the role of the lysosomes
helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues
Explain the role of the rough ER
folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and
helps produce proteins for the cell membrane
Explain the role of the smooth ER
helps the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and
calcium storage
Explain the role of the peroxisome
membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals,
breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes
Explain the role of the Golgi body
stacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps
move things in and out of cell
Explain passive immunity
the transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigens from a protected or
immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized person. Provides immediate
and short term protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA and IgE. Passes protection
What are examples of passive immunity?
mom to fetus through placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy
Explain active immunity
a protective state owing to the immune system response as a result of active infection or
immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body has to fight it to have long
term immunity
What are examples of active immunity?
Vaccinations
Explain what edema is
accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue swelling
,What are some causes of edema?
increase in the forces that move fluid from capillaries to interstitial compartments or
decrease in the opposite.
What are factors that contribute to edema?
Increase in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased
capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver
to hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage
What is a hypersensitivity?
an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is beyond the normal range, leading to
damage
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity?
anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to
IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create
inflammation
Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity
IgE
Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity
allergic reaction to dust. someone eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and runny nose
How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
antihistamines to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to
decrease inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or
through IM in epipens
What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?
hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing, tachycardia,
anaphylaxis.
Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity
The cells attack healthy organs and blood, causing symptoms
Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity
cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity
Blood transfusions when wrong blood given, hemolytic disease of newborn, grans disease,
, myasthenia gravis
What is type 3 hypersensitivity?
The igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes of cells. Can activate immune
responses that can damage tissues. Immune complex
Mediating factor type 3 hypersensitivity
immune complexes
Examples type 3 hypersensitivity
RA, lupus
What is type 4 hypersensitivity?
there is a delayed cell reaction caused by the T cells. Antigens are phagocytized and are
sensitized to receptors on the t cell. Reexposure causes the memory cells to release
destructive cytokines.
Mediating factor type 4 hypersensitivity
delayed cell mediated
Examples type 4 hypersensitivity
TB test, contact dermatitis
Characteristics of benign tumors
Localized growth that is curable. They more closely resemble the original tissue type, they
grow slowly, have little vascularity, rarely necrotic, and usually have similar function to the
original cells. Can be fatal depending on the location (brain, heart,etc), usually grows at the
original areas of the body. Encapsulated
Characteristics of malignant tumors
usually cancerous. They ignore growth controlling signals and replicate despite signals
from the environment. They can escape signals and can die. they can also display different
functions poorly or not at all related to the tissue. Greater degree of differentiation means
that it is more aggressive. Can move around with a poor prognosis. Anaplasia, metastasis
S/S of peptic ulcer disease
epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present
on empty stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and
is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without warning
and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis
What is H.pylori?
has a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic
Final Exam: NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology (Latest 2026/ 2027) Graded A+ |
Rasmussen
Explain primary prevention
Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people
Explain secondary prevention
"Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early
before it spreads
Explain tertiary prevention
"Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the
person has the condition
What are examples of primary prevention?
Vaccinations and Handwashing
What are examples of secondary prevention?
PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
What are examples of tertiary prevention?
Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to
prevent pressure ulcer
What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight response?
Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased
respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light response?
Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action
Explain the role of the nucleus
control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build
body proteins
Explain the role of the mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA
,Explain the role of the ribosome
produces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA
into a protein
Explain the role of the lysosomes
helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues
Explain the role of the rough ER
folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and
helps produce proteins for the cell membrane
Explain the role of the smooth ER
helps the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and
calcium storage
Explain the role of the peroxisome
membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals,
breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes
Explain the role of the Golgi body
stacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps
move things in and out of cell
Explain passive immunity
the transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigens from a protected or
immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized person. Provides immediate
and short term protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA and IgE. Passes protection
What are examples of passive immunity?
mom to fetus through placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy
Explain active immunity
a protective state owing to the immune system response as a result of active infection or
immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body has to fight it to have long
term immunity
What are examples of active immunity?
Vaccinations
Explain what edema is
accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue swelling
,What are some causes of edema?
increase in the forces that move fluid from capillaries to interstitial compartments or
decrease in the opposite.
What are factors that contribute to edema?
Increase in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased
capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver
to hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage
What is a hypersensitivity?
an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is beyond the normal range, leading to
damage
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity?
anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to
IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create
inflammation
Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity
IgE
Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity
allergic reaction to dust. someone eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and runny nose
How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
antihistamines to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to
decrease inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or
through IM in epipens
What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?
hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing, tachycardia,
anaphylaxis.
Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity
The cells attack healthy organs and blood, causing symptoms
Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity
cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity
Blood transfusions when wrong blood given, hemolytic disease of newborn, grans disease,
, myasthenia gravis
What is type 3 hypersensitivity?
The igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes of cells. Can activate immune
responses that can damage tissues. Immune complex
Mediating factor type 3 hypersensitivity
immune complexes
Examples type 3 hypersensitivity
RA, lupus
What is type 4 hypersensitivity?
there is a delayed cell reaction caused by the T cells. Antigens are phagocytized and are
sensitized to receptors on the t cell. Reexposure causes the memory cells to release
destructive cytokines.
Mediating factor type 4 hypersensitivity
delayed cell mediated
Examples type 4 hypersensitivity
TB test, contact dermatitis
Characteristics of benign tumors
Localized growth that is curable. They more closely resemble the original tissue type, they
grow slowly, have little vascularity, rarely necrotic, and usually have similar function to the
original cells. Can be fatal depending on the location (brain, heart,etc), usually grows at the
original areas of the body. Encapsulated
Characteristics of malignant tumors
usually cancerous. They ignore growth controlling signals and replicate despite signals
from the environment. They can escape signals and can die. they can also display different
functions poorly or not at all related to the tissue. Greater degree of differentiation means
that it is more aggressive. Can move around with a poor prognosis. Anaplasia, metastasis
S/S of peptic ulcer disease
epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present
on empty stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and
is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without warning
and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis
What is H.pylori?
has a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic
