Memorize Parts of the Brain Video (silly little one from AP Psych)
Processes
Brain and Central Nervous System
★ Describe the development of the brain, and relate embryonic regions to the structures of
the adult brain
○ Very early in development the ectodermal layer of tissues begins to thicken in the
center → neural plate
○ Neural plate develops a downward depression in the center, invaginates →
neural groove
■ The sides or ‘walls’ of the groove are called neural folds
○ As the neural groove deepens, the neural folds grow towards each other and
eventually connect → neural tube
■ The neural tube becomes the CNS!
○ The neural tube ‘sinks’ to the center of the embryo and continues to develop from
there
○ When the neural folds close excess tissue is left outside the neural tube →
neural crest
■ Neural crest become neural ganglia that attach to the spinal cord)
○ The cranial end of the neural tube begins to swell, this part becomes the brain
and the rest of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord
■ Swellings → Primary brain VESICLES
■ Further differentiation → secondary brain VESICLES
○ Adult brain structures
, ■ Cerebrum:
● Comes from the telencephalon
● Responsible for high level skill in humans
● Divided into the left and right hemispheres
■ Hypothalamus
■ Thalamus
■ Epithalamus
■ Midbrain
■ Pons
■ Cerebellum
■ Medulla oblongata
★ Identify the ventricles of the brain
○ Cavities that are expansions of the neural tube
■ Not empty, they are lined with ependyma that help produce
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which fills the ventricles
○ Continus with one another
○ Lateral ventricles
■ One in each hemisphere
■ The left and right lateral ventricles are separated by a thin membranous
tissue called the septum pellucidum
○ Third ventricle
■ Each lateral ventricle is connected to the third (converging point)
● Left and right interventricular foramen connect them
○ Fourth ventricle
■ The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral
aqueduct
■ The fourth also connects to the lumen
○ Connecting channels
■ Interventricular foramen
● Connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle
■ Cerebral aqueduct
● Connects the third and fourth ventricles
○ Openings
■ Lateral apertures
● Each side wall of the 4th ventricle has an opening
■ Median aperture
● Opening in the middle (bottom) of 4th ventricle
,★ Describe the surface anatomy of the cerebrum, its lobes, and its functional regions
○ Cerebrum → highest level of human ability
○ Surface features of cerebrum
■ Gyri → ridges
■ Sulci → grooves
■ Longitudinal fissure → separates the left and right hemispheres
■ transverse cerebral fissure → separates the cerebrum from the rest of the
brain
○ Lobes
■ Frontal (front portion behind the forehead)
■ Parietal (top of head behind the frontal lobe)
■ Temporal (behind the temple/ears)
■ Occipital (back of the brain)
■ Insula (inside)
○ Regions
■ Cortex: outermost part, gray matter → cell bodies and unmyelinated
axons
■ White matter: myelinated axons (lipids)
■ Basal nuclei: gray matter islands
★ List the specific functional areas of the cerebral cortex, and identify their general purpose
○ Motor areas: cause an action
■ Primary motor cortex: movement of skeletal muscles
■ Premotor cortex: learned skills such as piano playing or typing, cannot
directly send signals to the muscle but sends them to the primary motor
cortex
, ■ Broca’s area: controls muscle movement related to speech (speech
production), only on the left side of the brain (the matching area on the
right side is responsible for the muscles producing body language)
■ Frontal eye field: allows us to track movement with our eyes (voluntary)
○ Sensory areas: receives the signal
■ Primary somatosensory cortex: conscious awareness of sensory
information, tells us that we are being touched and where
● Somatosensory association cortex: helps integrate and figure
out the information from the primary somatosensory cortex
■ Primary visual cortex: receives information from retina
● Visual association cortex: decoding of visual stimuli (uses
experience to determine what is happening)
■ primary auditory cortex: takes information from the inner ear
● Auditory association cortex: decodes auditory information by
using experience
■ olfactory cortex: smell
■ Gustatory cortex: taste
■ Vestibular cortex: insula, sense of balance
○ Association areas: communicate and process information between motor and
sensory
■ prefrontal cortex
● Most highly evolved structure in humans
● Responsible for intellect, complex learning, cognition, recall,
personality, languages
● Develops slowly over time and relies on social feedback
■ Language areas
● Broca's → speech production
● Wernicke's → speech interpretation
● Both of these are only found on the left side of the brain
● Matching areas on the right side of the brain are responsible for
production and interpretation of body language (nonverbal
communication)
■ General interpretation area
● All sensory association areas send action potentials to this area in
order to combine and allow us to form a single thought or general
impression of the situation
■ Visceral association area
● Visceral feelings such as a full stomach, full bladder, nausea
● Also plays a role in language (just because)
★ Name the structures and functions of the cerebral white matter and basal bodies
○ Cerebral white matter
■ Deep to cortical gray matter
Processes
Brain and Central Nervous System
★ Describe the development of the brain, and relate embryonic regions to the structures of
the adult brain
○ Very early in development the ectodermal layer of tissues begins to thicken in the
center → neural plate
○ Neural plate develops a downward depression in the center, invaginates →
neural groove
■ The sides or ‘walls’ of the groove are called neural folds
○ As the neural groove deepens, the neural folds grow towards each other and
eventually connect → neural tube
■ The neural tube becomes the CNS!
○ The neural tube ‘sinks’ to the center of the embryo and continues to develop from
there
○ When the neural folds close excess tissue is left outside the neural tube →
neural crest
■ Neural crest become neural ganglia that attach to the spinal cord)
○ The cranial end of the neural tube begins to swell, this part becomes the brain
and the rest of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord
■ Swellings → Primary brain VESICLES
■ Further differentiation → secondary brain VESICLES
○ Adult brain structures
, ■ Cerebrum:
● Comes from the telencephalon
● Responsible for high level skill in humans
● Divided into the left and right hemispheres
■ Hypothalamus
■ Thalamus
■ Epithalamus
■ Midbrain
■ Pons
■ Cerebellum
■ Medulla oblongata
★ Identify the ventricles of the brain
○ Cavities that are expansions of the neural tube
■ Not empty, they are lined with ependyma that help produce
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which fills the ventricles
○ Continus with one another
○ Lateral ventricles
■ One in each hemisphere
■ The left and right lateral ventricles are separated by a thin membranous
tissue called the septum pellucidum
○ Third ventricle
■ Each lateral ventricle is connected to the third (converging point)
● Left and right interventricular foramen connect them
○ Fourth ventricle
■ The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral
aqueduct
■ The fourth also connects to the lumen
○ Connecting channels
■ Interventricular foramen
● Connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle
■ Cerebral aqueduct
● Connects the third and fourth ventricles
○ Openings
■ Lateral apertures
● Each side wall of the 4th ventricle has an opening
■ Median aperture
● Opening in the middle (bottom) of 4th ventricle
,★ Describe the surface anatomy of the cerebrum, its lobes, and its functional regions
○ Cerebrum → highest level of human ability
○ Surface features of cerebrum
■ Gyri → ridges
■ Sulci → grooves
■ Longitudinal fissure → separates the left and right hemispheres
■ transverse cerebral fissure → separates the cerebrum from the rest of the
brain
○ Lobes
■ Frontal (front portion behind the forehead)
■ Parietal (top of head behind the frontal lobe)
■ Temporal (behind the temple/ears)
■ Occipital (back of the brain)
■ Insula (inside)
○ Regions
■ Cortex: outermost part, gray matter → cell bodies and unmyelinated
axons
■ White matter: myelinated axons (lipids)
■ Basal nuclei: gray matter islands
★ List the specific functional areas of the cerebral cortex, and identify their general purpose
○ Motor areas: cause an action
■ Primary motor cortex: movement of skeletal muscles
■ Premotor cortex: learned skills such as piano playing or typing, cannot
directly send signals to the muscle but sends them to the primary motor
cortex
, ■ Broca’s area: controls muscle movement related to speech (speech
production), only on the left side of the brain (the matching area on the
right side is responsible for the muscles producing body language)
■ Frontal eye field: allows us to track movement with our eyes (voluntary)
○ Sensory areas: receives the signal
■ Primary somatosensory cortex: conscious awareness of sensory
information, tells us that we are being touched and where
● Somatosensory association cortex: helps integrate and figure
out the information from the primary somatosensory cortex
■ Primary visual cortex: receives information from retina
● Visual association cortex: decoding of visual stimuli (uses
experience to determine what is happening)
■ primary auditory cortex: takes information from the inner ear
● Auditory association cortex: decodes auditory information by
using experience
■ olfactory cortex: smell
■ Gustatory cortex: taste
■ Vestibular cortex: insula, sense of balance
○ Association areas: communicate and process information between motor and
sensory
■ prefrontal cortex
● Most highly evolved structure in humans
● Responsible for intellect, complex learning, cognition, recall,
personality, languages
● Develops slowly over time and relies on social feedback
■ Language areas
● Broca's → speech production
● Wernicke's → speech interpretation
● Both of these are only found on the left side of the brain
● Matching areas on the right side of the brain are responsible for
production and interpretation of body language (nonverbal
communication)
■ General interpretation area
● All sensory association areas send action potentials to this area in
order to combine and allow us to form a single thought or general
impression of the situation
■ Visceral association area
● Visceral feelings such as a full stomach, full bladder, nausea
● Also plays a role in language (just because)
★ Name the structures and functions of the cerebral white matter and basal bodies
○ Cerebral white matter
■ Deep to cortical gray matter
