,
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o c + c +
c
+
fMeasurement: Nominal, O
c+
rdinal, Interval, and Ratio c +
c+
c + c +
c+
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
c+a rationale for your answer.
c+ c+ c+ c+
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categ
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
orieswere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
drugs thesubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients ar
c+ +
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
e usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The c
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
urrent therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, sinc
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
e no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (se
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
e Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a ration
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ale foryour answer.
c+ +
c c+
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c
+ for thissample. c + +
c
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sam
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ple?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement res
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ulted in ratio- c+ c+
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
c+level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017).+
c c+ c+
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a stu
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
dy:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
a. Less than $50,000
c + c+ c+
b. $50,000 to 59,999
c + c+ c+
c. $60,000 to 69,999
c + c+ c+
d. $70,000 to 80,000
c + c+ c+
e. $80,000 or greater
c + c+ c+
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follo
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
w the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income cat
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ego-
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ended
AG 1-1 c+
, AG 1-2
c+ Answerc + Guidelinesc + forc + Questionsc + toc + Bec + Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since categ
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
o-
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mar
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
k either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c
+changedto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be ran
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
k ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c
+(Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rat
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ed their symp-
c+ c+
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depress
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ion symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
et al., 2017).
c+ c+ c+
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
forthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
c+ c+ c+ c+ c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c
+scoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of da
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ta (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importa
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
nce of this result.
c+ c+ c+
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of t
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
hesubjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c
+sub-
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increas
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
es, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional dist
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, espe
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
cially thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
c+ +
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated w
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ith an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
whole percent (%). c+ c+
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample incl
c+ c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+
uded 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of car
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+
diac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
c+15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group freque
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ +
c c + c + c + c + c +
ncy ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size)
c + c+ c + c + c + c+ c + c + c + +
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
× 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the neare
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+c+ +
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
st whole percent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14%
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c + +
c c+ c+ c+ c+
of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not tre
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ated with an antidepressant.
c+ c+ c+
9. What was the purpose of the 6-
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6- c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ +
c
state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to deter
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
mine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ +
c
c+could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional stat
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
usof cardiac patients.
+
c c+ c+
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o c + c +
c
+
fMeasurement: Nominal, O
c+
rdinal, Interval, and Ratio c +
c+
c + c +
c+
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
c+a rationale for your answer.
c+ c+ c+ c+
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categ
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
orieswere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
drugs thesubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients ar
c+ +
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
e usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The c
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
urrent therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, sinc
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
e no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (se
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
e Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a ration
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ale foryour answer.
c+ +
c c+
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c
+ for thissample. c + +
c
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sam
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ple?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement res
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ulted in ratio- c+ c+
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
c+level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017).+
c c+ c+
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a stu
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
dy:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
a. Less than $50,000
c + c+ c+
b. $50,000 to 59,999
c + c+ c+
c. $60,000 to 69,999
c + c+ c+
d. $70,000 to 80,000
c + c+ c+
e. $80,000 or greater
c + c+ c+
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follo
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
w the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income cat
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ego-
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ended
AG 1-1 c+
, AG 1-2
c+ Answerc + Guidelinesc + forc + Questionsc + toc + Bec + Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since categ
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
o-
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mar
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
k either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c
+changedto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be ran
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
k ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c
+(Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rat
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ed their symp-
c+ c+
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depress
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ion symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
et al., 2017).
c+ c+ c+
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
forthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
c+ c+ c+ c+ c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c + c
+scoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of da
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ta (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importa
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
nce of this result.
c+ c+ c+
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of t
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
hesubjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of
+
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c
+sub-
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increas
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
es, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional dist
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, espe
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
cially thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
c+ +
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated w
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ith an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
whole percent (%). c+ c+
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample incl
c+ c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+
uded 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of car
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+
diac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
c+15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group freque
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ +
c c + c + c + c + c +
ncy ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size)
c + c+ c + c + c + c+ c + c + c + +
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
× 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the neare
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+c+ +
c c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
st whole percent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14%
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c + +
c c+ c+ c+ c+
of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not tre
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
ated with an antidepressant.
c+ c+ c+
9. What was the purpose of the 6-
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6- c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ +
c
state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to deter
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
mine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ c+c+ +
c
c+could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional stat
c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
usof cardiac patients.
+
c c+ c+
