D236 LESSON 7 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Malaria - ANSWER -A disease mostly caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the
blood. Can be TX by blood products
- 4 Organisms Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale,
Plasmodium malariae
- DX RBC blood smear
- S/S characteristic pattern of fever & chills every 2 to 3 days. Headache, myalgia,
nausea, vomiting, and orthostatic hypotension are common.
Toxoplasmosis - ANSWER -a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to
humans
- Primary host cats
- Pregnant Women & Immuno Comprimised HIGH Risk
- Infants with symptoms of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications
have been considered the classic triad.
- Adult Mild flulike
- TX Raw Or Partly cooked meat (pork, lamb, venison), Parasite Eggs (Oocysts) hands,
water, transplant, blood
Infectious vs. communicable disease - ANSWER -While all communicable diseases are
infectious, not all infectious diseases are communicable.
An infectious disease is one that is caused by a pathogen, whether that is a bacteria,
virus, or parasite.
A communicable disease is one in which the pathogen can be directly passed from one
individual to another.
For example, influenza is a communicable disease—an individual can directly spread
the virus to another person via respiratory droplets. But tetanus is an example of an
infectious disease that is not communicable; it is caused by a bacterial pathogen, but
cannot be spread from one individual to another individual.
Immune System - ANSWER -- Antigens Target Of Immune System
- 2 Parts Innate Immunity & Adaptive Immunity
- Innate - body's defense first and immediately ie skin, mucous membranes, normal flora
(GI Tract)
-Adaptive - developed after exposure to antigens
adaptive immunity - ANSWER -immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to
respond, has memory component
two major categories of adaptive immunity are:
1. B lymphocyte immunity, also known as humoral immunity
2. T lymphocyte immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity
, Active Acquired Versus Passive Acquired Immunity - ANSWER -Active acquired
adaptive immunity is longer lasting than passive acquired adaptive immunity. Passive
immunity is short-lived immunity that exists for only a finite period; it is not permanent.
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - ANSWER -chronic autoimmune inflammatory
disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs
The symptoms of SLE vary depending on the organs that are affected. General
symptoms include fever, fatigue, myalgias, and arthralgias,
A classic butterfly rash across the bridge of the nose and cheeks is pathognomonic for
SLE. Joint inflammation and musculoskeletal symptoms occur in 90% of patients. Other
signs include splenic enlargement, pleural effusion, vasculitis, pericarditis, anemia, and
thrombocytopenia.
Nephrotic syndrome with hypertension and hematuria are common manifestations.
Nephrotic syndrome often causes edema; periorbital or peripheral edema is common.
Raynaud's phenomenon, episodic vasospasm of the arteries supplying the fingers, is
common; it is observed as a tricolor change in the fingers from cyanosis to pallor to
rubor particularly upon exposure to the cold (see Fig. 11-7).
HIV/AIDS - ANSWER -S/S - mononucleosis-like viral syndrome consisting of fever,
headache, fatigue, pharyngitis, GI symptoms, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, and
myalgia occurs within 28 days of contracting the virus
Leukemia - ANSWER -As discussed previously, the two basic categories of cells within
the bone marrow are myeloid and lymphoid cells. Leukemias that affect the myeloid
lineage are called myelocytic leukemias. Leukemias that affect the lymphoid lineage are
called lymphoblastic or lymphogenous leukemias.
2 types of bone marrow cells attacked - Myelocytic leukemias are also called
myelogenous, myeloblastic, or nonlymphocytic leukemias, whereas lymphocytic
leukemias are also called lymphoblastic or lymphogenous leukemias.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) - ANSWER -the most common form of leukemia in
adults over 70 years of age; characterized by overproduction of lymphocytes
ALL is an aggressive cancer that is more common in children than adults. ALL accounts
for 75% of all pediatric leukemia cases, with most affected children under age 5. The
risk of ALL declines until age 20 then increases in adults older than age 50. Survival
rates are 90% in children but only 20% to 40% in adults.
Risk Factors. There is no known cause of ALL, but previous chemotherapy or radiation
therapy for other diseases increases the risk.
Pathophysiology. In ALL, the stem cell precursors for T or B lymphocytes in the bone
marrow do not function and do not mature beyond the lymphoblast stage (also referred
to as the blast stage).
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Malaria - ANSWER -A disease mostly caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the
blood. Can be TX by blood products
- 4 Organisms Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale,
Plasmodium malariae
- DX RBC blood smear
- S/S characteristic pattern of fever & chills every 2 to 3 days. Headache, myalgia,
nausea, vomiting, and orthostatic hypotension are common.
Toxoplasmosis - ANSWER -a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to
humans
- Primary host cats
- Pregnant Women & Immuno Comprimised HIGH Risk
- Infants with symptoms of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications
have been considered the classic triad.
- Adult Mild flulike
- TX Raw Or Partly cooked meat (pork, lamb, venison), Parasite Eggs (Oocysts) hands,
water, transplant, blood
Infectious vs. communicable disease - ANSWER -While all communicable diseases are
infectious, not all infectious diseases are communicable.
An infectious disease is one that is caused by a pathogen, whether that is a bacteria,
virus, or parasite.
A communicable disease is one in which the pathogen can be directly passed from one
individual to another.
For example, influenza is a communicable disease—an individual can directly spread
the virus to another person via respiratory droplets. But tetanus is an example of an
infectious disease that is not communicable; it is caused by a bacterial pathogen, but
cannot be spread from one individual to another individual.
Immune System - ANSWER -- Antigens Target Of Immune System
- 2 Parts Innate Immunity & Adaptive Immunity
- Innate - body's defense first and immediately ie skin, mucous membranes, normal flora
(GI Tract)
-Adaptive - developed after exposure to antigens
adaptive immunity - ANSWER -immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to
respond, has memory component
two major categories of adaptive immunity are:
1. B lymphocyte immunity, also known as humoral immunity
2. T lymphocyte immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity
, Active Acquired Versus Passive Acquired Immunity - ANSWER -Active acquired
adaptive immunity is longer lasting than passive acquired adaptive immunity. Passive
immunity is short-lived immunity that exists for only a finite period; it is not permanent.
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - ANSWER -chronic autoimmune inflammatory
disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs
The symptoms of SLE vary depending on the organs that are affected. General
symptoms include fever, fatigue, myalgias, and arthralgias,
A classic butterfly rash across the bridge of the nose and cheeks is pathognomonic for
SLE. Joint inflammation and musculoskeletal symptoms occur in 90% of patients. Other
signs include splenic enlargement, pleural effusion, vasculitis, pericarditis, anemia, and
thrombocytopenia.
Nephrotic syndrome with hypertension and hematuria are common manifestations.
Nephrotic syndrome often causes edema; periorbital or peripheral edema is common.
Raynaud's phenomenon, episodic vasospasm of the arteries supplying the fingers, is
common; it is observed as a tricolor change in the fingers from cyanosis to pallor to
rubor particularly upon exposure to the cold (see Fig. 11-7).
HIV/AIDS - ANSWER -S/S - mononucleosis-like viral syndrome consisting of fever,
headache, fatigue, pharyngitis, GI symptoms, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, and
myalgia occurs within 28 days of contracting the virus
Leukemia - ANSWER -As discussed previously, the two basic categories of cells within
the bone marrow are myeloid and lymphoid cells. Leukemias that affect the myeloid
lineage are called myelocytic leukemias. Leukemias that affect the lymphoid lineage are
called lymphoblastic or lymphogenous leukemias.
2 types of bone marrow cells attacked - Myelocytic leukemias are also called
myelogenous, myeloblastic, or nonlymphocytic leukemias, whereas lymphocytic
leukemias are also called lymphoblastic or lymphogenous leukemias.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) - ANSWER -the most common form of leukemia in
adults over 70 years of age; characterized by overproduction of lymphocytes
ALL is an aggressive cancer that is more common in children than adults. ALL accounts
for 75% of all pediatric leukemia cases, with most affected children under age 5. The
risk of ALL declines until age 20 then increases in adults older than age 50. Survival
rates are 90% in children but only 20% to 40% in adults.
Risk Factors. There is no known cause of ALL, but previous chemotherapy or radiation
therapy for other diseases increases the risk.
Pathophysiology. In ALL, the stem cell precursors for T or B lymphocytes in the bone
marrow do not function and do not mature beyond the lymphoblast stage (also referred
to as the blast stage).
