D236 SECTION #1 - HOMEOSTASIS AND
CELLULAR RESPONSE EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
homeostasis - ANSWER -A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state;
the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a
particular level
bpd - ANSWER -bronchopulmonary dysplasia
bronchopulmonary dysplasia - ANSWER -free radical damage to lung early in life before
lungs are mature enough to handle pure oxygen
d/t oxygen toxicity
human body is composed of _____% water - ANSWER -60
water acts as the bodies ____ - ANSWER -solvent
what are the body's solutes - ANSWER -electolytes (positive and negatively charged
ions)
protein (albumin - the major solute)
what is the bodies solvents - ANSWER -body fluid
- mainly water
two main functions of electrolytes and protein - ANSWER -1. deliver
nutrients/electrolytes to cells
2. carry away waste products from cellular metabolism
3 fluid compartmetns of the body - ANSWER -ICF - intracellular
ISF - interstitial
ECF - extracellular
2/3s of the body's water is contained in the....
1/3rd in the... - ANSWER -ICF
ECF
plasma membrane - ANSWER -A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming
the boundary of the cells
,allows passive movement of fluid/electrolytes, but restricts larger particles
Fluid Balance - ANSWER -Intracellular Fluid Compartment
In the adult, 40% of total body weight is the water contained within the ICF
compartment.
Water can diffuse out of the ICF and cause cell shrinkage or cellular dehydration.
Conversely, water can enter the ICF and cause cell swelling or cellular edema.
Extracellular Fluid Compartment
In the adult, 20% of total body weight is the water contained within the ECF
compartment.
Most of the ECF is found within the intravascular compartment or blood vessels.
The ECF contains electrolytes, oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients to be delivered to
cells, as well as cellular waste products designated for excretion.
Interstitial Fluid Compartment
ISF, which is a filtrate of the blood, is located between the cells and between the cells
and capillaries.
Like blood, it contains water and electrolytes, mainly sodium (Na+).
ISF lacks proteins because they are too large to diffuse out of the blood vessels into the
interstitial spaces.
However, during inflammation, capillary membranes become extrapermeable; the pores
enlarge, allowing proteins such as white blood cells out to the tissues.
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER -the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push
water out of the vessel
the pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream. The heart's pulsatile pumping
action is the source of hydrostatic pressure, which exerts an outward force that pushes
water through the capillary membrane pores into the ISF and ICF compartments
Diffusion - ANSWER -The process by which molecules passively spread from areas of
high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Water and electrolytes diffuse from high concentration to lower concentration until an
equilibrium is reached.
Osmosis - ANSWER -The tendency of molecules of a solvent to pass through a
semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated
one, equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
Electrolytes and water move through the cell's semi-permeable plasma membrane, but
large proteins such as albumin cannot pass through the membrane.
A semipermeable membrane selectively allows some molecules through its pores and
obstructs others according to size.
,facilitated transport - ANSWER -The passing of certain molecules through the plasma
membrane with assistance from carrier proteins.
Glucose undergoes facilitated transport into the cell by the carrier protein insulin.
active transport - ANSWER -Occurs when a substance requires energy to pass through
a membrane against a concentration gradient.
Sodium and potassium require active transport using the N+/K+ pump, which is within
the plasma membrane to retain potassium as the major intracellular ion and sodium as
the major extracellular ion.
Sodium is a solute that draws water with it.
osmotic pressure - ANSWER -the pressure exerted by the solutes in solution.
In the bloodstream, osmotic pressure is exerted by electrolytes, mainly sodium ions and
plasma proteins.
Osmotic pressure is a force that pulls water into the bloodstream from the ICF and ISF
and opposes hydrostatic pressure at all capillary membranes
Osmotic pressure is determined by the number of particles or their concentration within
the solution.
A solution with a greater number of particles has a higher osmotic pressure.
When a membrane such as a cell membrane separates two solutions with different
osmotic pressures, fluid will move from the solution with lower osmotic pressure into the
solution with the higher osmotic pressure, which is why a high osmotic pressure in the
bloodstream favors fluid movement from the ICF and ISF into the bloodstream.
Conversely, when the osmotic pressure is reduced, fluid moves out of the bloodstream
and into interstitial and intracellular spaces
patho - ANSWER -suffering or disease
pathophysiology - ANSWER -refers to the study of abnormal changes in body functions
that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes.
"prepare for the assessment" - ANSWER -There are four evidence statements for this
competency:
Given a description of a patient with an infection (e.g., influenza, MRSA, staph
infection), the student will identify how the body will respond to that infection.
, Given a description of a congenital anomaly, the learner identifies the role of DNA
changes in congenital anomalies and how it affects the physiology of the body.
Given a scenario, the learner explains how development is disrupted in congenital
abnormalities.
Given a scenario, the learner describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how these
disruptions impact physiological wellbeing.
To prepare for the competency objective assessment, ask yourself these questions:
Can you describe how a patient's body will respond to an infection?
Can you identify the role of DNA changes in congenital anomalies?
Can you explain how development is disrupted in congenital abnormalities?
Can you describe the factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect
physiological wellbeing?
oncotic pressure - ANSWER -also called colloidal osmotic pressure, is a type of osmotic
pressure exerted specifically by albumin in the bloodstream.
Oncotic pressure and osmotic pressure exert the same type of pulling force from ICF to
ECF.
Albumin attracts water and helps keep it inside the blood vessel.
Albumin is the main colloidal protein in the bloodstream and is essential for maintaining
the oncotic pressure in the vascular system.
Total albumin in the bloodstream is indicative of the body's protein nutritional status.
The normal serum albumin level is 3.1 to 4.3 g/dL.
Changes in this albumin level alter oncotic pressure.
For example, in hypoalbuminemia (lack of sufficient albumin in the bloodstream),
oncotic pressure is reduced.
Hypoalbuminemia causes an imbalance in the oncotic pressure versus hydrostatic
pressure forces.
With reduced albumin, the oncotic pressure is low and the force exerted by hydrostatic
pressure overwhelms the oncotic pressure.
This causes water in the bloodstream to push outward from the capillary pores toward
the ISF and ICF
osmolality - ANSWER -a measurement of the concentration of solutes per kg of solvent.
CELLULAR RESPONSE EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
homeostasis - ANSWER -A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state;
the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a
particular level
bpd - ANSWER -bronchopulmonary dysplasia
bronchopulmonary dysplasia - ANSWER -free radical damage to lung early in life before
lungs are mature enough to handle pure oxygen
d/t oxygen toxicity
human body is composed of _____% water - ANSWER -60
water acts as the bodies ____ - ANSWER -solvent
what are the body's solutes - ANSWER -electolytes (positive and negatively charged
ions)
protein (albumin - the major solute)
what is the bodies solvents - ANSWER -body fluid
- mainly water
two main functions of electrolytes and protein - ANSWER -1. deliver
nutrients/electrolytes to cells
2. carry away waste products from cellular metabolism
3 fluid compartmetns of the body - ANSWER -ICF - intracellular
ISF - interstitial
ECF - extracellular
2/3s of the body's water is contained in the....
1/3rd in the... - ANSWER -ICF
ECF
plasma membrane - ANSWER -A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming
the boundary of the cells
,allows passive movement of fluid/electrolytes, but restricts larger particles
Fluid Balance - ANSWER -Intracellular Fluid Compartment
In the adult, 40% of total body weight is the water contained within the ICF
compartment.
Water can diffuse out of the ICF and cause cell shrinkage or cellular dehydration.
Conversely, water can enter the ICF and cause cell swelling or cellular edema.
Extracellular Fluid Compartment
In the adult, 20% of total body weight is the water contained within the ECF
compartment.
Most of the ECF is found within the intravascular compartment or blood vessels.
The ECF contains electrolytes, oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients to be delivered to
cells, as well as cellular waste products designated for excretion.
Interstitial Fluid Compartment
ISF, which is a filtrate of the blood, is located between the cells and between the cells
and capillaries.
Like blood, it contains water and electrolytes, mainly sodium (Na+).
ISF lacks proteins because they are too large to diffuse out of the blood vessels into the
interstitial spaces.
However, during inflammation, capillary membranes become extrapermeable; the pores
enlarge, allowing proteins such as white blood cells out to the tissues.
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER -the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push
water out of the vessel
the pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream. The heart's pulsatile pumping
action is the source of hydrostatic pressure, which exerts an outward force that pushes
water through the capillary membrane pores into the ISF and ICF compartments
Diffusion - ANSWER -The process by which molecules passively spread from areas of
high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Water and electrolytes diffuse from high concentration to lower concentration until an
equilibrium is reached.
Osmosis - ANSWER -The tendency of molecules of a solvent to pass through a
semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated
one, equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
Electrolytes and water move through the cell's semi-permeable plasma membrane, but
large proteins such as albumin cannot pass through the membrane.
A semipermeable membrane selectively allows some molecules through its pores and
obstructs others according to size.
,facilitated transport - ANSWER -The passing of certain molecules through the plasma
membrane with assistance from carrier proteins.
Glucose undergoes facilitated transport into the cell by the carrier protein insulin.
active transport - ANSWER -Occurs when a substance requires energy to pass through
a membrane against a concentration gradient.
Sodium and potassium require active transport using the N+/K+ pump, which is within
the plasma membrane to retain potassium as the major intracellular ion and sodium as
the major extracellular ion.
Sodium is a solute that draws water with it.
osmotic pressure - ANSWER -the pressure exerted by the solutes in solution.
In the bloodstream, osmotic pressure is exerted by electrolytes, mainly sodium ions and
plasma proteins.
Osmotic pressure is a force that pulls water into the bloodstream from the ICF and ISF
and opposes hydrostatic pressure at all capillary membranes
Osmotic pressure is determined by the number of particles or their concentration within
the solution.
A solution with a greater number of particles has a higher osmotic pressure.
When a membrane such as a cell membrane separates two solutions with different
osmotic pressures, fluid will move from the solution with lower osmotic pressure into the
solution with the higher osmotic pressure, which is why a high osmotic pressure in the
bloodstream favors fluid movement from the ICF and ISF into the bloodstream.
Conversely, when the osmotic pressure is reduced, fluid moves out of the bloodstream
and into interstitial and intracellular spaces
patho - ANSWER -suffering or disease
pathophysiology - ANSWER -refers to the study of abnormal changes in body functions
that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes.
"prepare for the assessment" - ANSWER -There are four evidence statements for this
competency:
Given a description of a patient with an infection (e.g., influenza, MRSA, staph
infection), the student will identify how the body will respond to that infection.
, Given a description of a congenital anomaly, the learner identifies the role of DNA
changes in congenital anomalies and how it affects the physiology of the body.
Given a scenario, the learner explains how development is disrupted in congenital
abnormalities.
Given a scenario, the learner describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how these
disruptions impact physiological wellbeing.
To prepare for the competency objective assessment, ask yourself these questions:
Can you describe how a patient's body will respond to an infection?
Can you identify the role of DNA changes in congenital anomalies?
Can you explain how development is disrupted in congenital abnormalities?
Can you describe the factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect
physiological wellbeing?
oncotic pressure - ANSWER -also called colloidal osmotic pressure, is a type of osmotic
pressure exerted specifically by albumin in the bloodstream.
Oncotic pressure and osmotic pressure exert the same type of pulling force from ICF to
ECF.
Albumin attracts water and helps keep it inside the blood vessel.
Albumin is the main colloidal protein in the bloodstream and is essential for maintaining
the oncotic pressure in the vascular system.
Total albumin in the bloodstream is indicative of the body's protein nutritional status.
The normal serum albumin level is 3.1 to 4.3 g/dL.
Changes in this albumin level alter oncotic pressure.
For example, in hypoalbuminemia (lack of sufficient albumin in the bloodstream),
oncotic pressure is reduced.
Hypoalbuminemia causes an imbalance in the oncotic pressure versus hydrostatic
pressure forces.
With reduced albumin, the oncotic pressure is low and the force exerted by hydrostatic
pressure overwhelms the oncotic pressure.
This causes water in the bloodstream to push outward from the capillary pores toward
the ISF and ICF
osmolality - ANSWER -a measurement of the concentration of solutes per kg of solvent.
