Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 3 Set 1 Questions With
Complete Solutions
Afterload definition Correct Answers resistance that the
ventricle must over come during systole to eject blood into
circulation, aortic pressure and systemic vascular resistance
Increased aortic pressure/SVR > increased afterload >
ventricular hypertrophy
decreased afterload enables heart to contract faster
Increased afterload slows contractions
Alterations in anatomy and physiology with aging Correct
Answers blood vessel stiffening/decreased elasticity
LV hypertrophy and fibrosis > valvular heart disease
Anterior wall MI (LAD) Correct Answers ST-elevation or Q
waves, or ST depression in V1-V4
Anterolateral MI (LAD or LCX) Correct Answers ST
elevations, Q waves or ST depression in V4-6
Anteroseptal MI (LAD) Correct Answers ST elevations, Q
waves or ST depression in V1-V2
antiarrhythmic drug classes Correct Answers Class 1 = Na
channel blockers
Class 2 = Beta blockers
Class 3 = K+ channel blockers (prolongs action potential
duration)
Class 4 = Ca channel blockers
'No Bears Kiss Cats'
,Antiarrhythmic drugs Correct Answers target cardiac action
potentials
arterial blood pressure Correct Answers cardiac output x
peripheral resistance
arteriosclerosis: definition and three types Correct Answers
abnormal thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of an
artery or arteries
monckeberg - calcification of medium sized arteries
arteriolosclerosis - hyaline thickening of small arteries
atherosclerosis - accumulation of fat, WBC, platelets in the
vessel wall and forms a plaque in the intima of the artery
atrial septal defect (ASD): Risk factors, Etiology, clinical
manifestations, pathophysiology Correct Answers E: flaw in the
septum that divides the two atria of the heart
RF: age > 40, previous child w/ CHD, SLE, diabetes, ETOH,
infection, aspirin, phenytoin
CM: crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur
Patho:
Complications: increased risk of embolus
Beta Blockers: effect on myocardial contraction Correct
Answers decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta
receptors
Decreases contractions
They do this by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors
Clinical Implications: used for chest pain and hypertension
, Calcium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials
Correct Answers Hypocalcemia-decreased contractility
Hypercalcemia-increased contractility>ST and PJCs,
vasoconstriction
Cardiac action potential: phase 0 Correct Answers rapid
depolarization
Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
Cardiac action potential: phase 1 Correct Answers initial
repolarization of cells
voltage gated sodium channels closed
voltage gated potassium channels open
Potassium leaves cell slowly
Cardiac action potential: phase 2 Correct Answers plateau
phase
voltage gated calcium channels open
influx of calcium into the cell
balances potassium efflux
calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic
reticulum > myocardial contraction
Cardiac action potential: phase 3 Correct Answers Rapid
Repolarization w/ potassium efflux
voltage gated potassium channels open
voltage gated calcium channels close
Cardiac action potential: phase 4 Correct Answers resting
membrane potential, -85 mV
High potassium permeability from the potassium channels
Complete Solutions
Afterload definition Correct Answers resistance that the
ventricle must over come during systole to eject blood into
circulation, aortic pressure and systemic vascular resistance
Increased aortic pressure/SVR > increased afterload >
ventricular hypertrophy
decreased afterload enables heart to contract faster
Increased afterload slows contractions
Alterations in anatomy and physiology with aging Correct
Answers blood vessel stiffening/decreased elasticity
LV hypertrophy and fibrosis > valvular heart disease
Anterior wall MI (LAD) Correct Answers ST-elevation or Q
waves, or ST depression in V1-V4
Anterolateral MI (LAD or LCX) Correct Answers ST
elevations, Q waves or ST depression in V4-6
Anteroseptal MI (LAD) Correct Answers ST elevations, Q
waves or ST depression in V1-V2
antiarrhythmic drug classes Correct Answers Class 1 = Na
channel blockers
Class 2 = Beta blockers
Class 3 = K+ channel blockers (prolongs action potential
duration)
Class 4 = Ca channel blockers
'No Bears Kiss Cats'
,Antiarrhythmic drugs Correct Answers target cardiac action
potentials
arterial blood pressure Correct Answers cardiac output x
peripheral resistance
arteriosclerosis: definition and three types Correct Answers
abnormal thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of an
artery or arteries
monckeberg - calcification of medium sized arteries
arteriolosclerosis - hyaline thickening of small arteries
atherosclerosis - accumulation of fat, WBC, platelets in the
vessel wall and forms a plaque in the intima of the artery
atrial septal defect (ASD): Risk factors, Etiology, clinical
manifestations, pathophysiology Correct Answers E: flaw in the
septum that divides the two atria of the heart
RF: age > 40, previous child w/ CHD, SLE, diabetes, ETOH,
infection, aspirin, phenytoin
CM: crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur
Patho:
Complications: increased risk of embolus
Beta Blockers: effect on myocardial contraction Correct
Answers decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta
receptors
Decreases contractions
They do this by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors
Clinical Implications: used for chest pain and hypertension
, Calcium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials
Correct Answers Hypocalcemia-decreased contractility
Hypercalcemia-increased contractility>ST and PJCs,
vasoconstriction
Cardiac action potential: phase 0 Correct Answers rapid
depolarization
Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
Cardiac action potential: phase 1 Correct Answers initial
repolarization of cells
voltage gated sodium channels closed
voltage gated potassium channels open
Potassium leaves cell slowly
Cardiac action potential: phase 2 Correct Answers plateau
phase
voltage gated calcium channels open
influx of calcium into the cell
balances potassium efflux
calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic
reticulum > myocardial contraction
Cardiac action potential: phase 3 Correct Answers Rapid
Repolarization w/ potassium efflux
voltage gated potassium channels open
voltage gated calcium channels close
Cardiac action potential: phase 4 Correct Answers resting
membrane potential, -85 mV
High potassium permeability from the potassium channels
