Pathophysiology Final Exam NSU
Questions and All Correct Answers
2026 Updated.
what are the characteristics of a benign tumor? - Answer Slow growing, well differentiated,
only cause symptoms because tumor growth compresses another structure, surrounded by a
capsule
what are the characteristics of a malignant tumor? - Answer fasting growing,
undifferentiated, disorganized growth, causes metastasis and spreads to near lymph nodes,
liberates enzymes and toxins that destroys normal tissues
what is a adenoma? - Answer benign tumor that orignates in glandular epithelial
what is ademocarcinoma? - Answer malignant tumor that orginates in glandular epithelial
waht is a carcinoma? - Answer benign tumor that organinates in epithelial tissue
what is sarcoma? - Answer malignant tumor that orginates in mesenchymal or connective
tissue.
what is a specific characteristic of sarcoma's? - Answer a type of cancer that comes from
bigger organs, and they can from anywhere on the body
what is a carcinoma in situ? - Answer a localized preinvasive lesion that does not spread
what is the patho or mechanism of a metatasized tumor? - Answer Tumor invades a local
tissue and depelete all the blood from that area
Digestion of the cell basement membrane causing increased enzymes and toxins
Then a change in cell adhension of the invading tumor, causing it to be more mobile and
slippery so it can go through the lymph nodes and blood stream quicker
Once invasion occurs the matatasis occurs
what is apoptosis? - Answer a programmed cell death which is normal
How does cancer affect apoptosis? - Answer cancer inhibits it and cause alterations in genes
,what are tumor makers? - Answer tumor makers indicate if theres a tumor present. it also
indicates when someone has a tumor if chemotherapy or radiation is working to control or
shrink the cancerous tumor
who is most at risk for cardiovascular disease? - Answer people with: hypertension, high
blood cholesterol, smokers, diabetics, obese
what is the common cause of a myocardial infraction? - Answer atherosclerosis
explain remodeling of the cardiac muscle? - Answer after a certain amunt of injuires to the
myocardium has occured over and over again the muscle becomes ischemic (decreased blood
supply). The injury can be caused by atherosclerosis or hypertension. It doesn't matter the
cause of the reoccurring injury. The inital response is for the body to go through remodeling
proc4ess to repair the muscle, but after continous remodeling and continous contracting the
cardiac muscles become sclerotic and the myocytes become more dilated and hypterophied,
losing their ability to continue to contract. The initial remodeling response is good but after the
reoccuring injury it becomes bad.
what is a q-wave with an st-elevation? - Answer acute myocardial infarction, which can be
reversed
what is a q-wave with st-depression? - Answer ischemic myocardial infarction, which means
a complete death of the muscle, its necroic and cannot be reversed
what factors contributes to atherosclerosis? - Answer hyperthension, hypercholestremia,
hyperlipidemia, obesity, age, smoking, diabetes, hemocystenine (epithelial damage), family
history, male gender
what are the major complications of atherosclerosis? - Answer ischemic heart disease (MI),
stroke, peripheral vascular disease (thrombosis)
what is the number one cause of coronary heart disease? - Answer atherosclerosis
what is the patho of coronary heart disease? - Answer Acute plaque distruption
The plaque dislodges causing the inflammatory process
Cytokines are released and interleukines are release from the cytokines
A rapture occurs and there is a leak from the open space
Plaque leaves the heart and bleeding begins
Platelets and neutrophils adhesion occur
Development of a clot begins, it becomes bigger and bigger causing an occulsion in the arteries
, what is stable angina? - Answer Fixed or stable plaque, which obstructs blood flow to the
myocardial muscle. Plaque obsructs blood flow but nor completely there is still some blood flow
to the muscle. Stable angina can cause ischemia mycardial infarctions. It is relieved by
nitroglycerin and rest. Morphine is also given to decrease pain and and the oxygen demand to
the patients heart.
what is unsatble angina? - Answer A disruption or rapture of atherolsclerotic plaque causing
platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. Unstable angina is not relieved by nitroglycerin or
rest. Ustable angina places the patient more at risk of having a myocardial infarction. It causes
acute coronary syndrome.
what is a distantive sign of someone with right side heart failure? - Answer jugular vein
distension and cor pulmonale
What is the number one cause of right-sided heart failure? - Answer Left-sided heart failure
what are the symptoms of someone who has left-sided heart failure? - Answer pulomnary
edema, impaired gas exchange, crackles, restlessness, increased respirations
what is right-sided heart failure? - Answer It is congestion in the peripheral circulation
(systemic circulation). It impairs the ability to move deoxygenated blood from the systemic
circulation into the pulmonary circulation.
what are the signs someone with right sided heart failure? - Answer peripheral edema,
congestion of viscera, hepatomegay, hepatosplemegaly
what is left sided heart failure? - Answer It is the congestion of pulmonary circulation. It
impairs the movement of blood into the high-pressure arterial side of systemic circulation.
who's at risk for hypertension? - Answer younger men and women, africian americans,
people from lower socieconomic groups, elderly, post-menopausal women
what is primary or essential hypertension? - Answer is a idiopathic neuro-hormonal disease,
that increases the blood pressure
what are the primary risk factors for primary hypertension? - Answer family history, age-
related increases in blood pressure, race, life-style
Questions and All Correct Answers
2026 Updated.
what are the characteristics of a benign tumor? - Answer Slow growing, well differentiated,
only cause symptoms because tumor growth compresses another structure, surrounded by a
capsule
what are the characteristics of a malignant tumor? - Answer fasting growing,
undifferentiated, disorganized growth, causes metastasis and spreads to near lymph nodes,
liberates enzymes and toxins that destroys normal tissues
what is a adenoma? - Answer benign tumor that orignates in glandular epithelial
what is ademocarcinoma? - Answer malignant tumor that orginates in glandular epithelial
waht is a carcinoma? - Answer benign tumor that organinates in epithelial tissue
what is sarcoma? - Answer malignant tumor that orginates in mesenchymal or connective
tissue.
what is a specific characteristic of sarcoma's? - Answer a type of cancer that comes from
bigger organs, and they can from anywhere on the body
what is a carcinoma in situ? - Answer a localized preinvasive lesion that does not spread
what is the patho or mechanism of a metatasized tumor? - Answer Tumor invades a local
tissue and depelete all the blood from that area
Digestion of the cell basement membrane causing increased enzymes and toxins
Then a change in cell adhension of the invading tumor, causing it to be more mobile and
slippery so it can go through the lymph nodes and blood stream quicker
Once invasion occurs the matatasis occurs
what is apoptosis? - Answer a programmed cell death which is normal
How does cancer affect apoptosis? - Answer cancer inhibits it and cause alterations in genes
,what are tumor makers? - Answer tumor makers indicate if theres a tumor present. it also
indicates when someone has a tumor if chemotherapy or radiation is working to control or
shrink the cancerous tumor
who is most at risk for cardiovascular disease? - Answer people with: hypertension, high
blood cholesterol, smokers, diabetics, obese
what is the common cause of a myocardial infraction? - Answer atherosclerosis
explain remodeling of the cardiac muscle? - Answer after a certain amunt of injuires to the
myocardium has occured over and over again the muscle becomes ischemic (decreased blood
supply). The injury can be caused by atherosclerosis or hypertension. It doesn't matter the
cause of the reoccurring injury. The inital response is for the body to go through remodeling
proc4ess to repair the muscle, but after continous remodeling and continous contracting the
cardiac muscles become sclerotic and the myocytes become more dilated and hypterophied,
losing their ability to continue to contract. The initial remodeling response is good but after the
reoccuring injury it becomes bad.
what is a q-wave with an st-elevation? - Answer acute myocardial infarction, which can be
reversed
what is a q-wave with st-depression? - Answer ischemic myocardial infarction, which means
a complete death of the muscle, its necroic and cannot be reversed
what factors contributes to atherosclerosis? - Answer hyperthension, hypercholestremia,
hyperlipidemia, obesity, age, smoking, diabetes, hemocystenine (epithelial damage), family
history, male gender
what are the major complications of atherosclerosis? - Answer ischemic heart disease (MI),
stroke, peripheral vascular disease (thrombosis)
what is the number one cause of coronary heart disease? - Answer atherosclerosis
what is the patho of coronary heart disease? - Answer Acute plaque distruption
The plaque dislodges causing the inflammatory process
Cytokines are released and interleukines are release from the cytokines
A rapture occurs and there is a leak from the open space
Plaque leaves the heart and bleeding begins
Platelets and neutrophils adhesion occur
Development of a clot begins, it becomes bigger and bigger causing an occulsion in the arteries
, what is stable angina? - Answer Fixed or stable plaque, which obstructs blood flow to the
myocardial muscle. Plaque obsructs blood flow but nor completely there is still some blood flow
to the muscle. Stable angina can cause ischemia mycardial infarctions. It is relieved by
nitroglycerin and rest. Morphine is also given to decrease pain and and the oxygen demand to
the patients heart.
what is unsatble angina? - Answer A disruption or rapture of atherolsclerotic plaque causing
platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. Unstable angina is not relieved by nitroglycerin or
rest. Ustable angina places the patient more at risk of having a myocardial infarction. It causes
acute coronary syndrome.
what is a distantive sign of someone with right side heart failure? - Answer jugular vein
distension and cor pulmonale
What is the number one cause of right-sided heart failure? - Answer Left-sided heart failure
what are the symptoms of someone who has left-sided heart failure? - Answer pulomnary
edema, impaired gas exchange, crackles, restlessness, increased respirations
what is right-sided heart failure? - Answer It is congestion in the peripheral circulation
(systemic circulation). It impairs the ability to move deoxygenated blood from the systemic
circulation into the pulmonary circulation.
what are the signs someone with right sided heart failure? - Answer peripheral edema,
congestion of viscera, hepatomegay, hepatosplemegaly
what is left sided heart failure? - Answer It is the congestion of pulmonary circulation. It
impairs the movement of blood into the high-pressure arterial side of systemic circulation.
who's at risk for hypertension? - Answer younger men and women, africian americans,
people from lower socieconomic groups, elderly, post-menopausal women
what is primary or essential hypertension? - Answer is a idiopathic neuro-hormonal disease,
that increases the blood pressure
what are the primary risk factors for primary hypertension? - Answer family history, age-
related increases in blood pressure, race, life-style
