ASU NUR 426 Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
What are the major blood components?
Red Blood Cells (RBCs), Platelets, Plasma, Granulocytes,
Cryoprecipitate
What are the fractioned blood components?
Clotting Factors, Albumin, Immunoglobulins
What is a type and screen?
-Determines blood type for suitable match
-Blood bank also screens patients for pre-existing antibodies to
ensure that blood products do not have existing antigens that can
cause a hemolytic reaction
What are packed RBCs?
-Red blood cells that have been separated for blood transfusions
-Used for the treatment of anemia usually when Hemoglobin
levels are less than 7-8 g/dL
-Does not have a high number of platelets or clotting factors but
may contain many leukocytes
-Can administer leukoreduced PRBCs to certain populations:
BMT patients, Immunosuppressed patients
What are granulocytes in the blood administration process?
-A type of WBC that is released during infections, allergic
reactions, and asthma
-Indicated for BMT patients who develop a bacterial or fungal
infection not responsive to antibiotics
,-Can only be administered within 24 hours of collection from
compatible donor
What are platelets
-Thrombocytes
-Derived from megakaryocytes, fragments into platelets
-1 megakaryocyte can produce 1000's of platelets
-In circulation and the spleen
-Live for 10 days and destroyed in the spleen
-Increase in times of infection
-<20,000 = risk for spontaneous bleeding, > normal = risk for
spontaneous blood clots, stroke, MI
-Transfusions of may be from one donor or multiple donors
What is FFP?
-Liquid portion of whole blood that is separated from cells and
frozen
-Lot of clotting factors but no platelets
-Volume is usually 250 to 300 mL
-Use bleeding due to deficiency of some clotting factors, DIC,
hemorrhage, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, excess
warfarin, correction of abnormal INR/PTT
What is cryoprecipitate
-Is any precipitate formed on cooling of a solution
- Derived from plasma
-Is rich in clotting factors, especially factor VIII, XIII
-Volume is usually 10 to 20 mL
,-Can be frozen for 1 year
-Use in hemophilia, DIC, liver disease or massive transfusion
What are clotting factors
-Clotting factor concentrates are available for administration
-Factor VIII, IX, XI, XIII• VWF, Prothrombinex, Fibrinogen
-Usually administered as a slow IV push
-Continuous Factor VIII can be administered for severe bleeds
or surgical procedures
What is albumin
-Is a carrier molecule/protein for blood components and drugs
with low solubility in water
-Most important role is regulation of the passage of water and
solutes through the capillaries due to oncotic pressure
-Use hypovolemic shock, hypoalbuminemia, after large volume
paracentesis
What is IVIG?
-Concentrated fractioned blood component consisting of a
diverse collection of antibodies
-Indicated for 2 situations: Patient is immunodeficient and
cannot make their own antibodies, patient's immune system
started attacking its own cells
-Another form of antibodies called RhD immune globulin
(RhoGam) can also be used: Ex. Blood-type mismatch between
mother and baby
What are considerations for blood transfusions?
, -Provider Order
-Make sure there is written consent
-Ensure adequate IV access
-Blood tubing primed ONLY with 0.9% sodium chloride
-Administer Pre-Medications if ordered
-Monitoring for Blood Transfusion Reactions
What are s/s of transfusion reaction?
-Six Common S/S: Chills/Rigors, Fever (>1 degree Celsius
Increase), Nausea/Vomiting, Increase in SBP >30mmHg,
Flushing, itching, urticaria, facial swelling, Respiratory distress:
Dyspnea, tachycardia, orhypoxemia
-Additional S/S:• Chest pain/lower back pain, pain at infusion
site, hypotension, hemoglobinuria, circulatory shock with
fevers/chills/hypotension
What is asthma?
-An obstructive/reactive airway disease
-Recurring/chronic
-Most common chronic disease in US children
-Atopy (can be asymptomatic), status asthmaticus (medical
emergency)
-S/S - variable (especially at night or early morning): wheezing,
breathlessness, chest tightness, cough, reverses spontaneously or
with treatment
What are some risk factors for asthma and triggers for asthma
attacks?
What are the major blood components?
Red Blood Cells (RBCs), Platelets, Plasma, Granulocytes,
Cryoprecipitate
What are the fractioned blood components?
Clotting Factors, Albumin, Immunoglobulins
What is a type and screen?
-Determines blood type for suitable match
-Blood bank also screens patients for pre-existing antibodies to
ensure that blood products do not have existing antigens that can
cause a hemolytic reaction
What are packed RBCs?
-Red blood cells that have been separated for blood transfusions
-Used for the treatment of anemia usually when Hemoglobin
levels are less than 7-8 g/dL
-Does not have a high number of platelets or clotting factors but
may contain many leukocytes
-Can administer leukoreduced PRBCs to certain populations:
BMT patients, Immunosuppressed patients
What are granulocytes in the blood administration process?
-A type of WBC that is released during infections, allergic
reactions, and asthma
-Indicated for BMT patients who develop a bacterial or fungal
infection not responsive to antibiotics
,-Can only be administered within 24 hours of collection from
compatible donor
What are platelets
-Thrombocytes
-Derived from megakaryocytes, fragments into platelets
-1 megakaryocyte can produce 1000's of platelets
-In circulation and the spleen
-Live for 10 days and destroyed in the spleen
-Increase in times of infection
-<20,000 = risk for spontaneous bleeding, > normal = risk for
spontaneous blood clots, stroke, MI
-Transfusions of may be from one donor or multiple donors
What is FFP?
-Liquid portion of whole blood that is separated from cells and
frozen
-Lot of clotting factors but no platelets
-Volume is usually 250 to 300 mL
-Use bleeding due to deficiency of some clotting factors, DIC,
hemorrhage, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, excess
warfarin, correction of abnormal INR/PTT
What is cryoprecipitate
-Is any precipitate formed on cooling of a solution
- Derived from plasma
-Is rich in clotting factors, especially factor VIII, XIII
-Volume is usually 10 to 20 mL
,-Can be frozen for 1 year
-Use in hemophilia, DIC, liver disease or massive transfusion
What are clotting factors
-Clotting factor concentrates are available for administration
-Factor VIII, IX, XI, XIII• VWF, Prothrombinex, Fibrinogen
-Usually administered as a slow IV push
-Continuous Factor VIII can be administered for severe bleeds
or surgical procedures
What is albumin
-Is a carrier molecule/protein for blood components and drugs
with low solubility in water
-Most important role is regulation of the passage of water and
solutes through the capillaries due to oncotic pressure
-Use hypovolemic shock, hypoalbuminemia, after large volume
paracentesis
What is IVIG?
-Concentrated fractioned blood component consisting of a
diverse collection of antibodies
-Indicated for 2 situations: Patient is immunodeficient and
cannot make their own antibodies, patient's immune system
started attacking its own cells
-Another form of antibodies called RhD immune globulin
(RhoGam) can also be used: Ex. Blood-type mismatch between
mother and baby
What are considerations for blood transfusions?
, -Provider Order
-Make sure there is written consent
-Ensure adequate IV access
-Blood tubing primed ONLY with 0.9% sodium chloride
-Administer Pre-Medications if ordered
-Monitoring for Blood Transfusion Reactions
What are s/s of transfusion reaction?
-Six Common S/S: Chills/Rigors, Fever (>1 degree Celsius
Increase), Nausea/Vomiting, Increase in SBP >30mmHg,
Flushing, itching, urticaria, facial swelling, Respiratory distress:
Dyspnea, tachycardia, orhypoxemia
-Additional S/S:• Chest pain/lower back pain, pain at infusion
site, hypotension, hemoglobinuria, circulatory shock with
fevers/chills/hypotension
What is asthma?
-An obstructive/reactive airway disease
-Recurring/chronic
-Most common chronic disease in US children
-Atopy (can be asymptomatic), status asthmaticus (medical
emergency)
-S/S - variable (especially at night or early morning): wheezing,
breathlessness, chest tightness, cough, reverses spontaneously or
with treatment
What are some risk factors for asthma and triggers for asthma
attacks?
