NUR 452 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
outbreak investigation
-Investigation of unusual increase in disease incidence or
unusual event → something happened and you are looking at the
data after it has happened
-To determine who else has been exposed to prevent a larger
outbreak
objectives to outbreak investigation
-To control and prevent disease and death
-To ID factors that contribute to the outbreak of the disease or
occurrence of the event
-To implement measures to prevent occurrences
chain of infection
infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission,
portal of entry, susceptible host
infectious agents
-microbes (all types), pathogenicity, invasiveness, virulence,
infectivity, resistance
-antibiotics!!
reservoirs
-humans(incubation period and communicable period), animals,
plants/soil
-No standing water, diet, exercise
,portal of exit
-respiratory, integumentary, blood, GI, sexual
-Masks, cough in your arm
means of transmission
-vertical, horizontal (direct, indirect, common vehicles, vectors)
-Hand washing
portal of re-entry
-same as exit, usually
-Masks, PPE
susceptible host
-defense mechanisms, immunity (natural or acquired)
-Make ourselves less susceptible
endemic
-NORMAL occurring disease
-Disease or condition regularly found among particular people
or in certain area → think certain hot spots
-A persistent usual presence with a low to moderate number of
cases of the disease or event
-Disease that exists permanently in a particular region or
population
example of endemic
highlighted area is where valley fever is found
epidemic
,-increasing cases, REGIONAL
-Widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community
at a particular time
-Unusual rise in incidence rate and prevalence rate, rate of
disease, injury, or other condition is clearly in excess of the
usual (endemic) level of that condition
-Outbreak of disease that attacks many people at about the same
time and may spread through one or several communities
pandemic
-increasing cases, GLOBAL
-occurring worldwide over several countries or continents
order in which you should report to
Providers → State → CDC/NNDSS → MMWR → U.S.
state notifiable diseases
-Mandated by state law
-Each state has different laws regarding reporting
-Reported to state/local health department by health care
providers, labs, and public health workers
-States then transmit data electronically, weekly to the CDC
-Link of AZ diseases in BB
national notifiable diseases
-CDC and Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists have
a policy that requires state health departments to report certain
diseases to the CDC, National Notifiable Disease Surveillance
System (NNDSS)
, -Published weekly in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report (MMWR)
bioterrorism
-Biological agents with potential for increased mortality
-Can be easily disseminated
-To cause major public panic and disruption
agents of bioterrorism
Anthrax → spores in the soil
Plague → vector borne by rodent fleas
Smallpox → virus in freezers
Botulism → soil, water, canned foods, honey
Tularemia → zoonotic carried by rabbits
Hemorrhagic viruses → ebola and marburg
emerging infectious diseases
-Those in which the incidence has increased in the past 2
decades or potential to increase in near future
-New or known infectious diseases
-Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: severe, sometimes fatal,
respiratory disease in humans caused by infection with
hantaviruses; hantaviruses are carried by rodents and anyone
who comes in contact with these infected rodents is at risk of
HPS
emerging infectious diseases: MRSA/VRSA
-Anyone can get MRSA
-2 out of 100 people carry MRSA
outbreak investigation
-Investigation of unusual increase in disease incidence or
unusual event → something happened and you are looking at the
data after it has happened
-To determine who else has been exposed to prevent a larger
outbreak
objectives to outbreak investigation
-To control and prevent disease and death
-To ID factors that contribute to the outbreak of the disease or
occurrence of the event
-To implement measures to prevent occurrences
chain of infection
infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission,
portal of entry, susceptible host
infectious agents
-microbes (all types), pathogenicity, invasiveness, virulence,
infectivity, resistance
-antibiotics!!
reservoirs
-humans(incubation period and communicable period), animals,
plants/soil
-No standing water, diet, exercise
,portal of exit
-respiratory, integumentary, blood, GI, sexual
-Masks, cough in your arm
means of transmission
-vertical, horizontal (direct, indirect, common vehicles, vectors)
-Hand washing
portal of re-entry
-same as exit, usually
-Masks, PPE
susceptible host
-defense mechanisms, immunity (natural or acquired)
-Make ourselves less susceptible
endemic
-NORMAL occurring disease
-Disease or condition regularly found among particular people
or in certain area → think certain hot spots
-A persistent usual presence with a low to moderate number of
cases of the disease or event
-Disease that exists permanently in a particular region or
population
example of endemic
highlighted area is where valley fever is found
epidemic
,-increasing cases, REGIONAL
-Widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community
at a particular time
-Unusual rise in incidence rate and prevalence rate, rate of
disease, injury, or other condition is clearly in excess of the
usual (endemic) level of that condition
-Outbreak of disease that attacks many people at about the same
time and may spread through one or several communities
pandemic
-increasing cases, GLOBAL
-occurring worldwide over several countries or continents
order in which you should report to
Providers → State → CDC/NNDSS → MMWR → U.S.
state notifiable diseases
-Mandated by state law
-Each state has different laws regarding reporting
-Reported to state/local health department by health care
providers, labs, and public health workers
-States then transmit data electronically, weekly to the CDC
-Link of AZ diseases in BB
national notifiable diseases
-CDC and Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists have
a policy that requires state health departments to report certain
diseases to the CDC, National Notifiable Disease Surveillance
System (NNDSS)
, -Published weekly in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report (MMWR)
bioterrorism
-Biological agents with potential for increased mortality
-Can be easily disseminated
-To cause major public panic and disruption
agents of bioterrorism
Anthrax → spores in the soil
Plague → vector borne by rodent fleas
Smallpox → virus in freezers
Botulism → soil, water, canned foods, honey
Tularemia → zoonotic carried by rabbits
Hemorrhagic viruses → ebola and marburg
emerging infectious diseases
-Those in which the incidence has increased in the past 2
decades or potential to increase in near future
-New or known infectious diseases
-Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: severe, sometimes fatal,
respiratory disease in humans caused by infection with
hantaviruses; hantaviruses are carried by rodents and anyone
who comes in contact with these infected rodents is at risk of
HPS
emerging infectious diseases: MRSA/VRSA
-Anyone can get MRSA
-2 out of 100 people carry MRSA
