A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech STUDYGUIDE
A&P 102 FINAL EXAM IVY TECH STUDYGUIDE LATEST 2025/2026
ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+ GUARANTEED PASS- ACE YOUR EXAM
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? - Correct
Answer-Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC
membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight
Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her
antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the
plasma? How do these create different blood types? - Correct Answer-Type A
blood has A antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in
its plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. - Correct Answer-Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
1|Page
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech STUDYGUIDE
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of the blood. - Correct Answer-RBCs, WBCs, and
platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's
tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
Describe the steps in clot formation. - Correct Answer-Hemostasis - the stoppage
of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? - Correct Answer-
O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
2|Page
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech STUDYGUIDE
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets? - Correct
Answer-4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
Neutrophils
50%-70%
Eosinophils
1%-4%
Basophils
0-1%
Lymphocytes
20%-35%
Monocytes
3%-8%
Compare serum versus plasma. - Correct Answer-Plasma is the liquid part of
blood, in which blood cells, nutrients and hormones float.
Serum is the fluid part of blood, without the clotting factors or blood cells.
What is hematocrit? - Correct Answer-percent of blood volume that is RBCs
3|Page
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech STUDYGUIDE
How is the ANS used to regulate blood pressure? - Correct Answer-The autonomic
nervous system regulates the blood pressure via several mechanisms. It regulates
the degree of constriction or dilation of the blood vessels in body. Constriction of
the blood vessels will result in an increase in the blood pressure and dilation of
the blood vessels will result in a decrease in the blood pressure. The autonomic
nervous system also alters the cardiac output, which will influence the blood
pressure. Cardiac output is determined by multiplying the heart rate x the stroke
volume. The stroke volume being the amount of blood ejected from the heart
with each beat. The sympathetic nervous system ("fight or flight" system) results
in an increase in heart rate and strength of heart contraction leading to a greater
stroke volume. This increased cardiac output results in an elevation in the blood
pressure usually. The parasympathetic nervous system is the "rest and digest"
system that results in a decrease heart rate and stroke volume, which results in a
lowering in the blood pressure. So, the autonomic nervous system controls the
blood pressure through a few mechanisms and they usually occur simultaneously.
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? - Correct Answer-The four
major functions of the cardiovascular system are:
1. To transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body
2. To protect the body from infection and blood loss
3. To help the body maintain a constant body temperature 4. To help maintain
fluid balance within the body
What factors can influence heart rate and/or blood pressure? - Correct Answer-
age, stress and emotions, medication, Diurnal variation, sex, environment,
exercise, body position
4|Page
A&P 102 FINAL EXAM IVY TECH STUDYGUIDE LATEST 2025/2026
ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+ GUARANTEED PASS- ACE YOUR EXAM
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? - Correct
Answer-Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC
membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight
Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her
antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the
plasma? How do these create different blood types? - Correct Answer-Type A
blood has A antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in
its plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. - Correct Answer-Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
1|Page
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech STUDYGUIDE
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of the blood. - Correct Answer-RBCs, WBCs, and
platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's
tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
Describe the steps in clot formation. - Correct Answer-Hemostasis - the stoppage
of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? - Correct Answer-
O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
2|Page
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech STUDYGUIDE
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets? - Correct
Answer-4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
Neutrophils
50%-70%
Eosinophils
1%-4%
Basophils
0-1%
Lymphocytes
20%-35%
Monocytes
3%-8%
Compare serum versus plasma. - Correct Answer-Plasma is the liquid part of
blood, in which blood cells, nutrients and hormones float.
Serum is the fluid part of blood, without the clotting factors or blood cells.
What is hematocrit? - Correct Answer-percent of blood volume that is RBCs
3|Page
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech STUDYGUIDE
How is the ANS used to regulate blood pressure? - Correct Answer-The autonomic
nervous system regulates the blood pressure via several mechanisms. It regulates
the degree of constriction or dilation of the blood vessels in body. Constriction of
the blood vessels will result in an increase in the blood pressure and dilation of
the blood vessels will result in a decrease in the blood pressure. The autonomic
nervous system also alters the cardiac output, which will influence the blood
pressure. Cardiac output is determined by multiplying the heart rate x the stroke
volume. The stroke volume being the amount of blood ejected from the heart
with each beat. The sympathetic nervous system ("fight or flight" system) results
in an increase in heart rate and strength of heart contraction leading to a greater
stroke volume. This increased cardiac output results in an elevation in the blood
pressure usually. The parasympathetic nervous system is the "rest and digest"
system that results in a decrease heart rate and stroke volume, which results in a
lowering in the blood pressure. So, the autonomic nervous system controls the
blood pressure through a few mechanisms and they usually occur simultaneously.
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? - Correct Answer-The four
major functions of the cardiovascular system are:
1. To transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body
2. To protect the body from infection and blood loss
3. To help the body maintain a constant body temperature 4. To help maintain
fluid balance within the body
What factors can influence heart rate and/or blood pressure? - Correct Answer-
age, stress and emotions, medication, Diurnal variation, sex, environment,
exercise, body position
4|Page
