BIOC20 Final Exam 2026 Exam
Questions and Answers | A+
Score Assured
Negative strand RNA genomes - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Single stranded
Cannot be directly translated
To make proteins, the negative strand must be used to make a
complimentary positive strand
How to convert negative strand to positive strand? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Original
genome (negative sense strand) -> conversion using RNA dependent RNA
polymerase -> complimentary positive sense strand
,Positive stranded RNA virus - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Does not need an RNA
polymerase, can be directly translated and can produce RNA and make
RNA
What codes for the Viral RNA polymerase? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The Negative
stranded RNA virus codes for their own RNA polymerase (they do NOT use
the cell's polymerase bc it can only read DNA)
How does the RNA polymerase get created? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Negative
strand is accompanied by the RNA polymerase which reads the negative
strand and creates the positive strand. The positive strand can code for
multiple viral proteins (including the RNA polymerase) as well as more
complimentary negative strands
Ribonuceleo-protein complex - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Negative strand RNA
genome + RNA polymerase (RNA polymerase is made up of diff
components)
Negative Stranded RNA Viral Families (list 5) - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Paramyxoviruses
Rhabdoviruses
Filoviruses
,Bunyaviruses
Influenza viruses (umbrella virus)
Influenza Virus Proteins (individual segments) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Entire
genome exists as 8 individual segments
Each segment codes for a different protein
What does the RNA polymerase complex consist of? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Complex consists of PA, PB1, and PB2
What do Influenza Virus Genome segments 1,2 and 3 code for? -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔Segments 1,2,3 code for the components that make up the
RNA polymerase complex
What does Segment 4 code for? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Genome segment 4
corresponds to hemaglutinin (one of the enveloped proteins)
What does Segment 5 code for - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔nucleocapsid proteins
What does segment 6 code for - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Neuraminidase (another
viral protein)
What does segment 7 code for - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔2 diff proteins:
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, 1) M2 (ion channel)
2) M1 matrix protein
What does segment 8 code for? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔NS2 proteins
Is the Influenza virus enveloped or non enveloped? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Influenza is an enveloped virus
What is a nucleocapsid in Influenza? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔When the genome
binds to the capsid proteins. However, for influenza, we refer to the capsid
protein itself as a nucleocapsid protein (NP)
How does Influenza enter a cell - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Dock at target cell and is
taken in by vesicles that pinch inwards from plasma membrane. Now the
virion is within an endosome and as the endosome matures, the enveloped
virus fuses with the endosomal membrane to dump its nucleocapsid out
into the cytoplasm
How does Influenza fusion work? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Viral envelope and
envelope protein attached to envelope -> protein undergoes conformational
change after being exposed to acidic environment -> fusion peptides are
exposed and inserted into the endosomal membrane -> more viral
envelope proteins cluster together and fuse as well -> jack-knife
Questions and Answers | A+
Score Assured
Negative strand RNA genomes - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Single stranded
Cannot be directly translated
To make proteins, the negative strand must be used to make a
complimentary positive strand
How to convert negative strand to positive strand? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Original
genome (negative sense strand) -> conversion using RNA dependent RNA
polymerase -> complimentary positive sense strand
,Positive stranded RNA virus - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Does not need an RNA
polymerase, can be directly translated and can produce RNA and make
RNA
What codes for the Viral RNA polymerase? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The Negative
stranded RNA virus codes for their own RNA polymerase (they do NOT use
the cell's polymerase bc it can only read DNA)
How does the RNA polymerase get created? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Negative
strand is accompanied by the RNA polymerase which reads the negative
strand and creates the positive strand. The positive strand can code for
multiple viral proteins (including the RNA polymerase) as well as more
complimentary negative strands
Ribonuceleo-protein complex - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Negative strand RNA
genome + RNA polymerase (RNA polymerase is made up of diff
components)
Negative Stranded RNA Viral Families (list 5) - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Paramyxoviruses
Rhabdoviruses
Filoviruses
,Bunyaviruses
Influenza viruses (umbrella virus)
Influenza Virus Proteins (individual segments) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Entire
genome exists as 8 individual segments
Each segment codes for a different protein
What does the RNA polymerase complex consist of? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Complex consists of PA, PB1, and PB2
What do Influenza Virus Genome segments 1,2 and 3 code for? -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔Segments 1,2,3 code for the components that make up the
RNA polymerase complex
What does Segment 4 code for? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Genome segment 4
corresponds to hemaglutinin (one of the enveloped proteins)
What does Segment 5 code for - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔nucleocapsid proteins
What does segment 6 code for - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Neuraminidase (another
viral protein)
What does segment 7 code for - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔2 diff proteins:
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, 1) M2 (ion channel)
2) M1 matrix protein
What does segment 8 code for? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔NS2 proteins
Is the Influenza virus enveloped or non enveloped? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Influenza is an enveloped virus
What is a nucleocapsid in Influenza? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔When the genome
binds to the capsid proteins. However, for influenza, we refer to the capsid
protein itself as a nucleocapsid protein (NP)
How does Influenza enter a cell - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Dock at target cell and is
taken in by vesicles that pinch inwards from plasma membrane. Now the
virion is within an endosome and as the endosome matures, the enveloped
virus fuses with the endosomal membrane to dump its nucleocapsid out
into the cytoplasm
How does Influenza fusion work? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Viral envelope and
envelope protein attached to envelope -> protein undergoes conformational
change after being exposed to acidic environment -> fusion peptides are
exposed and inserted into the endosomal membrane -> more viral
envelope proteins cluster together and fuse as well -> jack-knife
