MIDTERM BIOC20 2026 EXPERT
VERIFIED | ACE THE TEST
Virion consists of - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Nucleic acid genome
-protective protein coat
-Some contain a lipid envelope
Virion capsid - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Protective protein coat
Nature of Viruses - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Obligate intracellular parasites (only
replicate in living cell)
Viruses lack - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Essential functions
,-synthesis of basic biological building blocks (nucleotides, amino acids,
CHO's, lipids)
-generation of ATP
-protein synthesis (ribosomes, tRNAs)
Uncoating - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔First step, virus particles break down and
release genomes inside the cell
-released from protective protein shell
Once virus uncoats - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Genome can be used as a template
for mRNA synthesis - produce proteins
Newly made viral proteins - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Work together to replicate
genome, encapsulate the new genomes to form progeny virions
Virus morphology - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Distinct, genome sizes, and particle
sizes
-smallest 20 nm in diameter, coding few as 2 proteins
-largest 500nm in diameter, coding > 1200 proteins
Virus genomes can be - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-RNA or DNA, not both
-single or double stranded
,-circular or linear
Problem with RNA genome - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-no RNA polymerase -
replication problem
-difficulty making RNA transcript
Viruses can infect - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔All forms of life, animals, plants, insects,
bacteria, algae,, fungi
Most abundant form of life - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Viruses, 10 fold excess of virus
compared to bacteria in earth oceans
Mass = 1 million blue whales
Length - 200 million light years
Study of viruses led to - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Identification of promoters for
eukaryotic RNA polymerase
Enzymes involved in cellular DNA replication
RNA splicing from studying viral mRNAs in eukaryotic cells
Isolation of numerous cellular oncogenes and the understanding that
cancer is caused by their mutation or unregulated expression
First virus discovered - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔TMV
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, First virus discovered by - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Distinguished by filtration
Russian scientist Dimitri Ivanovski
Dutch scientist Martinus Beijerinck (first name for virus = contagious virus
fluidium)
TMV - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Tobacco mosaic disease killing tobacco plants
Found by grounding up infected leaves trying to filter bacteria, passed
through porcelain filter was infecting leaves
Discovery about viruses in mid 1930s - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Highly purified TMV
could form crystals
-challenged conventional notions about genes and nature of living
organisms
Are virsuses alive? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Not living entities, biochemical
processes - only living period inside host
1915-1917 scientist in England and France discovered bacteria -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔Could be listed by filterable agents
Study of bacteriophages helped establish the field of molecular biology by -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔Mapping phage genes
VERIFIED | ACE THE TEST
Virion consists of - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-Nucleic acid genome
-protective protein coat
-Some contain a lipid envelope
Virion capsid - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Protective protein coat
Nature of Viruses - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Obligate intracellular parasites (only
replicate in living cell)
Viruses lack - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Essential functions
,-synthesis of basic biological building blocks (nucleotides, amino acids,
CHO's, lipids)
-generation of ATP
-protein synthesis (ribosomes, tRNAs)
Uncoating - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔First step, virus particles break down and
release genomes inside the cell
-released from protective protein shell
Once virus uncoats - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Genome can be used as a template
for mRNA synthesis - produce proteins
Newly made viral proteins - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Work together to replicate
genome, encapsulate the new genomes to form progeny virions
Virus morphology - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Distinct, genome sizes, and particle
sizes
-smallest 20 nm in diameter, coding few as 2 proteins
-largest 500nm in diameter, coding > 1200 proteins
Virus genomes can be - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-RNA or DNA, not both
-single or double stranded
,-circular or linear
Problem with RNA genome - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔-no RNA polymerase -
replication problem
-difficulty making RNA transcript
Viruses can infect - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔All forms of life, animals, plants, insects,
bacteria, algae,, fungi
Most abundant form of life - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Viruses, 10 fold excess of virus
compared to bacteria in earth oceans
Mass = 1 million blue whales
Length - 200 million light years
Study of viruses led to - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Identification of promoters for
eukaryotic RNA polymerase
Enzymes involved in cellular DNA replication
RNA splicing from studying viral mRNAs in eukaryotic cells
Isolation of numerous cellular oncogenes and the understanding that
cancer is caused by their mutation or unregulated expression
First virus discovered - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔TMV
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, First virus discovered by - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Distinguished by filtration
Russian scientist Dimitri Ivanovski
Dutch scientist Martinus Beijerinck (first name for virus = contagious virus
fluidium)
TMV - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Tobacco mosaic disease killing tobacco plants
Found by grounding up infected leaves trying to filter bacteria, passed
through porcelain filter was infecting leaves
Discovery about viruses in mid 1930s - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Highly purified TMV
could form crystals
-challenged conventional notions about genes and nature of living
organisms
Are virsuses alive? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Not living entities, biochemical
processes - only living period inside host
1915-1917 scientist in England and France discovered bacteria -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔Could be listed by filterable agents
Study of bacteriophages helped establish the field of molecular biology by -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔Mapping phage genes
