ENVSOCTY 1HB3 UPDATED 2026 EXAM SCRIPT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔relocation diffusion - ✔✔physical movement of cultures/things that go along with a
person
✔✔expansion diffusion - ✔✔spreading of cultures/things while staying active at the
origin. broken into:
1. contagious: spread rapidly and greatly through interaction
2. heirarchal: spread in an order of importance
✔✔3 factors that affect diffusion - ✔✔- distance: closer areas interact and exchange
more quickly
- density: densely populated areas have a faster spread
- friction of space: the resistance/difficulty in moving/communicating across space
✔✔spatial interactions - ✔✔the movement/flow of people, goods, info, or ideas between
locations
✔✔Woldo Tobler's First law of Geography - ✔✔everything is related to everything else,
but near things are more related than distant things
✔✔2 Factors affecting spatial intercation - ✔✔- distance decay: the intensity of
interaction diminishes as distance increases
- friction of distance: the barrierslcosts of moving across space (greater distance =
higher cost, less interactions)
✔✔what are 2 reasons why spatial interactions occur? - ✔✔1. accessibility: the ease at
which a location can be reached by others (higher accessibility = more interaction)
2. connectivity: the linkages (physical/virtual) between locations (tangible vs intangible)
✔✔map - ✔✔2D (flat) representation of the earth's surface (or a portion of it), illustrating
the location of places, people, and other phenomena
✔✔why are maps used (2 reasons) - ✔✔1. communication: to convey spatial
information visually
2. analysis: to solve spatial problems and answer questions about relationsips in space
✔✔what is the issue with maps? - ✔✔the earth is a 3D sphere, maps are 2D. to show th
curved surface, seevral types of projections have been created, but all face issues with
distortion
✔✔cylindrical projections - ✔✔projects earth's surface onto a cylinder. accurate at the
equator, distortion at the poles
, ✔✔conical projections - ✔✔projects earth's surface onto a cone. accurate at the mid-
latitude regions, distortion at the poles and equator
✔✔planar projections - ✔✔projects earth's surface onto a flat place. accurate at the
poles, distortion away from the center of projection
✔✔latitude - ✔✔parallel lines that run east-west, measuring north and south of the
equator
✔✔equator, north pole, south pole coordinates - ✔✔equator: 0*
north pole: 90* N
south pole: 90* S
✔✔longtitude - ✔✔imaginary lines running north-south, measuring east and west off the
prime meridian (0*)
determines time zones
✔✔prime meridian - ✔✔The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through
Greenwich, England.
✔✔international date line - ✔✔the boundary between one calendar day and the next.
180* E/W
✔✔what are the 2 types of maps - ✔✔1. reference maps: show absolute locations of
features using a coordinate system (accurate + objective)
- road maps, google maps, etc.
2. thematic maps: show spatial variation of a specific theme/attribute (analyze patterns)
✔✔4 types of thematic maps - ✔✔dot maps, choropleth maps, isopleth maps,
cartograms
✔✔dot maps - ✔✔use dots to represent phenomenon
✔✔choropleth maps - ✔✔use colours/shading to represent intensity
✔✔isopleth maps - ✔✔uses lines (isolines) to connect points of equal value
✔✔cartogram - ✔✔distorts size and shape of area according to magnitude
✔✔binary vs continuum development - ✔✔development is not binary (less developed vs
more developed) but rather it exists on a continuum, which is the idea that there is the
less developed, more developed, and the in between (haves, have nots, and the in
between)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔relocation diffusion - ✔✔physical movement of cultures/things that go along with a
person
✔✔expansion diffusion - ✔✔spreading of cultures/things while staying active at the
origin. broken into:
1. contagious: spread rapidly and greatly through interaction
2. heirarchal: spread in an order of importance
✔✔3 factors that affect diffusion - ✔✔- distance: closer areas interact and exchange
more quickly
- density: densely populated areas have a faster spread
- friction of space: the resistance/difficulty in moving/communicating across space
✔✔spatial interactions - ✔✔the movement/flow of people, goods, info, or ideas between
locations
✔✔Woldo Tobler's First law of Geography - ✔✔everything is related to everything else,
but near things are more related than distant things
✔✔2 Factors affecting spatial intercation - ✔✔- distance decay: the intensity of
interaction diminishes as distance increases
- friction of distance: the barrierslcosts of moving across space (greater distance =
higher cost, less interactions)
✔✔what are 2 reasons why spatial interactions occur? - ✔✔1. accessibility: the ease at
which a location can be reached by others (higher accessibility = more interaction)
2. connectivity: the linkages (physical/virtual) between locations (tangible vs intangible)
✔✔map - ✔✔2D (flat) representation of the earth's surface (or a portion of it), illustrating
the location of places, people, and other phenomena
✔✔why are maps used (2 reasons) - ✔✔1. communication: to convey spatial
information visually
2. analysis: to solve spatial problems and answer questions about relationsips in space
✔✔what is the issue with maps? - ✔✔the earth is a 3D sphere, maps are 2D. to show th
curved surface, seevral types of projections have been created, but all face issues with
distortion
✔✔cylindrical projections - ✔✔projects earth's surface onto a cylinder. accurate at the
equator, distortion at the poles
, ✔✔conical projections - ✔✔projects earth's surface onto a cone. accurate at the mid-
latitude regions, distortion at the poles and equator
✔✔planar projections - ✔✔projects earth's surface onto a flat place. accurate at the
poles, distortion away from the center of projection
✔✔latitude - ✔✔parallel lines that run east-west, measuring north and south of the
equator
✔✔equator, north pole, south pole coordinates - ✔✔equator: 0*
north pole: 90* N
south pole: 90* S
✔✔longtitude - ✔✔imaginary lines running north-south, measuring east and west off the
prime meridian (0*)
determines time zones
✔✔prime meridian - ✔✔The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through
Greenwich, England.
✔✔international date line - ✔✔the boundary between one calendar day and the next.
180* E/W
✔✔what are the 2 types of maps - ✔✔1. reference maps: show absolute locations of
features using a coordinate system (accurate + objective)
- road maps, google maps, etc.
2. thematic maps: show spatial variation of a specific theme/attribute (analyze patterns)
✔✔4 types of thematic maps - ✔✔dot maps, choropleth maps, isopleth maps,
cartograms
✔✔dot maps - ✔✔use dots to represent phenomenon
✔✔choropleth maps - ✔✔use colours/shading to represent intensity
✔✔isopleth maps - ✔✔uses lines (isolines) to connect points of equal value
✔✔cartogram - ✔✔distorts size and shape of area according to magnitude
✔✔binary vs continuum development - ✔✔development is not binary (less developed vs
more developed) but rather it exists on a continuum, which is the idea that there is the
less developed, more developed, and the in between (haves, have nots, and the in
between)
