Test Bank For
Family Therapy History, Theory, and Practice, 8th edition Samuel T.
Gladding Nathaniel N. Ivers
Chapter 1-18 Answers are at the End of Each Chapter
Contents
Prologue Rationale For Family Therapy ................................................................................................................. 1
Chapter 1 The History of Family Therapy: Evolution and Revolution .................................................................... 2
Chapter 2 The Theoretical Context of Family Therapy .......................................................................................... 10
Chapter 3 Types and Functionality of Families ..................................................................................................... 18
Chapter 4 Working with Single-Parent and Blended Families ............................................................................... 26
Chapter 5 Working with Culturally Diverse Families ............................................................................................ 38
Chapter 6 Ethical, Legal, and Professional Issues in Family Therapy .................................................................... 48
Chapter 7 The Process of Family Therapy ............................................................................................................. 63
Chapter 8 Couple and Marriage Therapy and Enrichment ..................................................................................... 74
Chapter 9 Psychodynamic Family Theory .............................................................................................................. 86
Chapter 10 Bowen Family Systems Theory ............................................................................................................. 92
Chapter 11 Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapies ....................................................................... 98
Chapter 12 Experiential Family Therapy ................................................................................................................ 108
Chapter 13 Structural Family Therapy ................................................................................................................... 117
Chapter 14 Strategic Family Therapies................................................................................................................... 125
Chapter 15 Solution-Focused Brief Therapy .......................................................................................................... 133
Chapter 16 Narrative Family Therapy .................................................................................................................... 139
,Chapter 17 Research and Assessment in Family Therapy ...................................................................................... 144
Chapter 18 Working with Substance-Related Disorders, Domestic Violence, and Child Abuse ........................... 153
Answer Key .............................................................................................................................................................. 163
Prologue
Approximately 19% of the U.S. population is seen by marriage and family therapists each year at a cost of more
than $300 million
Despite these statistics, marriage and family therapy is relatively new with its theoretical and clinical beginnings
starting in the 1940s and its real growth occurring from the 1970s until today
Family therapy differs from individual and group counseling in its emphasis and clientele
Individual counseling is more intrapersonal
Group counseling is more interpersonal
Family therapy for the most part focuses on making changes in the family system
Family therapy is connected to the influence of creative, innovative, and assertive mental health practitioners
who devised and advocated new ways of providing services to clients
The Rationale for Family Therapy
Family therapists believe that most life difficulties stem from and can best be addressed within the family
system
Family therapy is an effective treatment approach, particularly in cases of:
adolescent anorexia nervosa
adolescent drug abuse
adult alcoholism and drug abuse
adult hypertension
adult obesity
adult schizophrenia
aggression and noncompliance in children with ADD and ADHD
childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders
childhood autism
childhood conduct disorders
chronic physical illness in adults and children
couple distress and conflict
dementia
depression in women in distressed marriages
Client satisfaction is high, with 97% satisfaction rates and high percentages of clients stating they received the
help they wanted from marriage and family therapists
Reasons for Working with Families as Opposed to Working with Individuals
Provides flexibility in conceptualizing cases from both linear and circular causality perspectives
Provides for increased complexity and treatment options for clients
Involves other real, significant people in the treatment process and brings the action into the room
All family members receive treatment interventions simultaneously
Family therapy tends to be briefer than individual counseling
Family therapy focuses on the interpersonal rather than the intrapersonal which creates new and unique ways of
resolving problems
, Chapter 1
The History of Family Therapy: Evolution and Revolution
Chapter Overview
Family Therapy Through the Decades
Prior to the development of marriage and family therapy as a profession, older family members assisted
younger members and adult family members cared for the very young and the very old
Before 1940
focus in the United States was on the individual
society utilized clergy, lawyers, and doctors for advice and counsel
prevailing individual theories were psychoanalysis and behaviorism
Catalysts for the growth of family therapy
courses in family life education became popular
establishment of marriage and family training programs (e.g., Marriage Council of Philadelphia in
1932)
founding of the National Council on Family Relations in 1938 and the journal Marriage and Family
Living in 1939
county home extension agents educated and promoted understanding family dynamics
Family therapy: 1940 to 1949
establishment of the American Association of Marriage Counselors in 1942
first account of concurrent marital counseling published in 1948 by Bela Mittleman
research on families with a schizophrenic member by Theodore Litz
National Mental Health Act of 1946 funded research on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental
health disorders
Family therapy: 1950 to 1959
individual leaders dominated the profession
Nathan Ackerman used a psychoanalytical approach to understand and treat families
Gregory Bateson studied communication patterns in families with a schizophrenic member and
developed the double bind theory
double bind theory - two seemingly contradictory messages may exist simultaneously and lead to
confusion
Mental Research Institute was created by Don Jackson in Palo Alto, CA
changed problem conceptualization from a pathology oriented individual perspective to a more
relationship based orientation
brief therapy developed at MRI as one of the first new approaches to family therapy
Carl Whitaker pushed the conventional envelope by seeing spouses and children in therapy
set up the first family therapy conference at Sea Island, GA
Murray Bowen studied families with schizophrenic members
held therapy sessions with all family members present
pioneered theoretical thinking on the influence of previous generations on the mental health of
families
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy developed contextual therapy focusing on the healing of human relationships
through trust and commitment
Family therapy: 1960 to 1969
An era of rapid growth in family therapy
Increase in training centers and academic programs in family therapy
Jay Haley, expanding on the work of Milton Erikson, developed strategic family therapy
emphasis on the therapist gaining and maintaining power during treatment
strategic therapy uses directives to assist clients to go beyond gaining insight
edited Family Process from 1961 to 1969, providing a means for to keep professions linked and
informed
Haley joined with Salvador Minuchin at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic in the late 1960's
, Salvador Minuchin developed structural family therapy, based on his work with the Wiltwyck School
for Boys
utilized minority community members as paraprofessionals to better relate to urban blacks and
Hispanics
Virginia Satir was the only woman among the family therapy pioneers
started seeing family members as a group in the 1950's
utilized touch and nurtured her clients, emphasizing self-esteem, compassion, and affective
congruence
published Conjoint Family Therapy in 1964 which stressed the importance of seeing distressed
couples together at the same time
Virginia Satir was an influential, charismatic leader
Carl Whitaker pioneered unconventional, spontaneous, sometimes outrageous appearing approaches,
designed to help families achieve freedom and growth
Family Process co-founded in 1961 by Don Jackson and Nathan Ackerman
Nathan Ackerman published Treating the Troubled Family in 1966, advocating closer therapist
involvement with families during treatment, being confrontive, and making covert issues overt
John Bell developed a family group therapy model, advocated that children 9 years and older should
participate in family therapy, and offered one of the first graduate family therapy courses in the United
States
Murray Bowen discovered that emotional reactivity in many families created undifferentiated family
ego mass (i.e., family members have difficulty maintaining their individual identities and actions)
Systems theory developed by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy in 1968
a way of looking at all parts of an organism simultaneously
a set of elements standing in interaction with one another
each element of a system is affected by what happens to any other element
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
became the basis for most family therapy
less reliance on linear causality (direct cause and effect)
increased emphasis on circular causality (events are related through a series of repeating cycles or
loops)
family therapists seen as a specialists within the field
first license regulating family therapists granted in California in 1963
Institutes and training centers
Mental Research Institute continues its work in training and research
Family Therapy Institute of New York established with Nathan Ackerman as director
Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic developed innovative supervision techniques such as the 'bug in
the ear"
Family Therapy Institute of Philadelphia founded in 1964, merging the Eastern Pennsylvania
Psychiatric Institute and the Family Institute of Philadelphia
Boston Family Institute founded by Fred Duhl and David Kantor, focusing on expressive and dramatic
interventions and originating the family sculpting technique
Institute for Family Studies in Milan, Italy formed in 1967
an MRI based model that developed many innovative short term approaches
Family therapy: 1970 to 1979
rapid growth in AAMFT based partly on recognition as an accrediting body for marriage and family
training programs
The American Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (AAMFC) changed its name to the
American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) in 1977
Journal of Marital and Family Therapy founded by AAMFT in 1974
American Family Therapy Academy (AFTA) founded in 1977 to address clinical, research, and
teaching issues
AAMFT and AFTA agreed on distinct roles within the profession
AFTA concentrated on the exchange of ideas among advanced professionals
AAMFT focused on accreditation of training programs
family therapy continued to growth and become more refined outside of psychoanalytical traditions
Nathan Ackerman died in 1971
Family Therapy History, Theory, and Practice, 8th edition Samuel T.
Gladding Nathaniel N. Ivers
Chapter 1-18 Answers are at the End of Each Chapter
Contents
Prologue Rationale For Family Therapy ................................................................................................................. 1
Chapter 1 The History of Family Therapy: Evolution and Revolution .................................................................... 2
Chapter 2 The Theoretical Context of Family Therapy .......................................................................................... 10
Chapter 3 Types and Functionality of Families ..................................................................................................... 18
Chapter 4 Working with Single-Parent and Blended Families ............................................................................... 26
Chapter 5 Working with Culturally Diverse Families ............................................................................................ 38
Chapter 6 Ethical, Legal, and Professional Issues in Family Therapy .................................................................... 48
Chapter 7 The Process of Family Therapy ............................................................................................................. 63
Chapter 8 Couple and Marriage Therapy and Enrichment ..................................................................................... 74
Chapter 9 Psychodynamic Family Theory .............................................................................................................. 86
Chapter 10 Bowen Family Systems Theory ............................................................................................................. 92
Chapter 11 Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapies ....................................................................... 98
Chapter 12 Experiential Family Therapy ................................................................................................................ 108
Chapter 13 Structural Family Therapy ................................................................................................................... 117
Chapter 14 Strategic Family Therapies................................................................................................................... 125
Chapter 15 Solution-Focused Brief Therapy .......................................................................................................... 133
Chapter 16 Narrative Family Therapy .................................................................................................................... 139
,Chapter 17 Research and Assessment in Family Therapy ...................................................................................... 144
Chapter 18 Working with Substance-Related Disorders, Domestic Violence, and Child Abuse ........................... 153
Answer Key .............................................................................................................................................................. 163
Prologue
Approximately 19% of the U.S. population is seen by marriage and family therapists each year at a cost of more
than $300 million
Despite these statistics, marriage and family therapy is relatively new with its theoretical and clinical beginnings
starting in the 1940s and its real growth occurring from the 1970s until today
Family therapy differs from individual and group counseling in its emphasis and clientele
Individual counseling is more intrapersonal
Group counseling is more interpersonal
Family therapy for the most part focuses on making changes in the family system
Family therapy is connected to the influence of creative, innovative, and assertive mental health practitioners
who devised and advocated new ways of providing services to clients
The Rationale for Family Therapy
Family therapists believe that most life difficulties stem from and can best be addressed within the family
system
Family therapy is an effective treatment approach, particularly in cases of:
adolescent anorexia nervosa
adolescent drug abuse
adult alcoholism and drug abuse
adult hypertension
adult obesity
adult schizophrenia
aggression and noncompliance in children with ADD and ADHD
childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders
childhood autism
childhood conduct disorders
chronic physical illness in adults and children
couple distress and conflict
dementia
depression in women in distressed marriages
Client satisfaction is high, with 97% satisfaction rates and high percentages of clients stating they received the
help they wanted from marriage and family therapists
Reasons for Working with Families as Opposed to Working with Individuals
Provides flexibility in conceptualizing cases from both linear and circular causality perspectives
Provides for increased complexity and treatment options for clients
Involves other real, significant people in the treatment process and brings the action into the room
All family members receive treatment interventions simultaneously
Family therapy tends to be briefer than individual counseling
Family therapy focuses on the interpersonal rather than the intrapersonal which creates new and unique ways of
resolving problems
, Chapter 1
The History of Family Therapy: Evolution and Revolution
Chapter Overview
Family Therapy Through the Decades
Prior to the development of marriage and family therapy as a profession, older family members assisted
younger members and adult family members cared for the very young and the very old
Before 1940
focus in the United States was on the individual
society utilized clergy, lawyers, and doctors for advice and counsel
prevailing individual theories were psychoanalysis and behaviorism
Catalysts for the growth of family therapy
courses in family life education became popular
establishment of marriage and family training programs (e.g., Marriage Council of Philadelphia in
1932)
founding of the National Council on Family Relations in 1938 and the journal Marriage and Family
Living in 1939
county home extension agents educated and promoted understanding family dynamics
Family therapy: 1940 to 1949
establishment of the American Association of Marriage Counselors in 1942
first account of concurrent marital counseling published in 1948 by Bela Mittleman
research on families with a schizophrenic member by Theodore Litz
National Mental Health Act of 1946 funded research on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental
health disorders
Family therapy: 1950 to 1959
individual leaders dominated the profession
Nathan Ackerman used a psychoanalytical approach to understand and treat families
Gregory Bateson studied communication patterns in families with a schizophrenic member and
developed the double bind theory
double bind theory - two seemingly contradictory messages may exist simultaneously and lead to
confusion
Mental Research Institute was created by Don Jackson in Palo Alto, CA
changed problem conceptualization from a pathology oriented individual perspective to a more
relationship based orientation
brief therapy developed at MRI as one of the first new approaches to family therapy
Carl Whitaker pushed the conventional envelope by seeing spouses and children in therapy
set up the first family therapy conference at Sea Island, GA
Murray Bowen studied families with schizophrenic members
held therapy sessions with all family members present
pioneered theoretical thinking on the influence of previous generations on the mental health of
families
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy developed contextual therapy focusing on the healing of human relationships
through trust and commitment
Family therapy: 1960 to 1969
An era of rapid growth in family therapy
Increase in training centers and academic programs in family therapy
Jay Haley, expanding on the work of Milton Erikson, developed strategic family therapy
emphasis on the therapist gaining and maintaining power during treatment
strategic therapy uses directives to assist clients to go beyond gaining insight
edited Family Process from 1961 to 1969, providing a means for to keep professions linked and
informed
Haley joined with Salvador Minuchin at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic in the late 1960's
, Salvador Minuchin developed structural family therapy, based on his work with the Wiltwyck School
for Boys
utilized minority community members as paraprofessionals to better relate to urban blacks and
Hispanics
Virginia Satir was the only woman among the family therapy pioneers
started seeing family members as a group in the 1950's
utilized touch and nurtured her clients, emphasizing self-esteem, compassion, and affective
congruence
published Conjoint Family Therapy in 1964 which stressed the importance of seeing distressed
couples together at the same time
Virginia Satir was an influential, charismatic leader
Carl Whitaker pioneered unconventional, spontaneous, sometimes outrageous appearing approaches,
designed to help families achieve freedom and growth
Family Process co-founded in 1961 by Don Jackson and Nathan Ackerman
Nathan Ackerman published Treating the Troubled Family in 1966, advocating closer therapist
involvement with families during treatment, being confrontive, and making covert issues overt
John Bell developed a family group therapy model, advocated that children 9 years and older should
participate in family therapy, and offered one of the first graduate family therapy courses in the United
States
Murray Bowen discovered that emotional reactivity in many families created undifferentiated family
ego mass (i.e., family members have difficulty maintaining their individual identities and actions)
Systems theory developed by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy in 1968
a way of looking at all parts of an organism simultaneously
a set of elements standing in interaction with one another
each element of a system is affected by what happens to any other element
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
became the basis for most family therapy
less reliance on linear causality (direct cause and effect)
increased emphasis on circular causality (events are related through a series of repeating cycles or
loops)
family therapists seen as a specialists within the field
first license regulating family therapists granted in California in 1963
Institutes and training centers
Mental Research Institute continues its work in training and research
Family Therapy Institute of New York established with Nathan Ackerman as director
Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic developed innovative supervision techniques such as the 'bug in
the ear"
Family Therapy Institute of Philadelphia founded in 1964, merging the Eastern Pennsylvania
Psychiatric Institute and the Family Institute of Philadelphia
Boston Family Institute founded by Fred Duhl and David Kantor, focusing on expressive and dramatic
interventions and originating the family sculpting technique
Institute for Family Studies in Milan, Italy formed in 1967
an MRI based model that developed many innovative short term approaches
Family therapy: 1970 to 1979
rapid growth in AAMFT based partly on recognition as an accrediting body for marriage and family
training programs
The American Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (AAMFC) changed its name to the
American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) in 1977
Journal of Marital and Family Therapy founded by AAMFT in 1974
American Family Therapy Academy (AFTA) founded in 1977 to address clinical, research, and
teaching issues
AAMFT and AFTA agreed on distinct roles within the profession
AFTA concentrated on the exchange of ideas among advanced professionals
AAMFT focused on accreditation of training programs
family therapy continued to growth and become more refined outside of psychoanalytical traditions
Nathan Ackerman died in 1971
