NSG 3280 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO
PATHO & CELLULAR REGULATION EXAM 1 WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED!!
Etiology - ANSWER Causes or reasons
Idiopathic - ANSWER Unknown reason
Iatrogenic - ANSWER Due to unwanted/unintended medical treatment
Risk factor - ANSWER Increases the probability of a condition
Pathogenesis - ANSWER Development of disease from initial stimulus to full
expression
Latent period - ANSWER Time between exposure of injurious agent and first
signs & symptoms
Incubation period - ANSWER Time between exposure to pathogen and first signs
& symptoms
Prodromal period - ANSWER The time when the first signs & symptoms appear;
often nonspecific
Acute phase (manifest illness) - ANSWER Disease reaches full intensity
Silent period - ANSWER An interval in a disease when signs & symptoms become
mild or may disappear
Subclinical stage - ANSWER Disease process is well established but patient may
function normally
Sequela - ANSWER Disease causes a secondary condition
Exacerbation - ANSWER Acute increase in disease severity
Remission - ANSWER Decline in disease severity
Convalescence - ANSWER Recovery after disease (if applicable)
Epidemiology - ANSWER Study of how diseases affect the health and illness of
populations
Endemic - ANSWER Disease is native to a local region
, Epidemic - ANSWER Disease affects/spreads to many at the same time
Pandemic - ANSWER Disease affects a large geographic area (often worldwide)
Primary prevention - ANSWER Altering susceptibility or decreasing exposure for
susceptible people
Secondary prevention - ANSWER Early detection/screening
Tertiary prevention - ANSWER Rehabilitative care to decrease disability and
increase function
Homeostasis - ANSWER Maintaining stability
Allostasis - ANSWER Adaptation to challenges to try to reestablish homeostasis
Stages of General Adaptation - ANSWER Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Catecholamine Release - ANSWER Epinephrine & Norepinephrine released during
stress reactions
Epinephrine effects - ANSWER ↑heart contractility, ↑heart rate, Bronchodilation,
↑glycogenolysis, ↓insulin secretion
Norepinephrine effects - ANSWER Blood vessel constriction, ↓GI secretion,
↓insulin secretion, Pupil dilation
Cortisol Effects - ANSWER ↑breakdown of tissues into amino acids, ↑building of
new protein in liver, Gluconeogenesis, ↑appetite, ↓acute immune and
inflammatory response
Aldosterone Effects - ANSWER Retention of Na+ and water, Vasoconstriction
Endorphins & Enkephalins - ANSWER Released due to stress, exercise, laughter,
etc.
Pain - ANSWER ↓ sedation
Euphoria - ANSWER ↑ sedation
Estradiol - ANSWER Most common form of estrogen; ↓ cortisol binding in the
brain
PATHO & CELLULAR REGULATION EXAM 1 WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED!!
Etiology - ANSWER Causes or reasons
Idiopathic - ANSWER Unknown reason
Iatrogenic - ANSWER Due to unwanted/unintended medical treatment
Risk factor - ANSWER Increases the probability of a condition
Pathogenesis - ANSWER Development of disease from initial stimulus to full
expression
Latent period - ANSWER Time between exposure of injurious agent and first
signs & symptoms
Incubation period - ANSWER Time between exposure to pathogen and first signs
& symptoms
Prodromal period - ANSWER The time when the first signs & symptoms appear;
often nonspecific
Acute phase (manifest illness) - ANSWER Disease reaches full intensity
Silent period - ANSWER An interval in a disease when signs & symptoms become
mild or may disappear
Subclinical stage - ANSWER Disease process is well established but patient may
function normally
Sequela - ANSWER Disease causes a secondary condition
Exacerbation - ANSWER Acute increase in disease severity
Remission - ANSWER Decline in disease severity
Convalescence - ANSWER Recovery after disease (if applicable)
Epidemiology - ANSWER Study of how diseases affect the health and illness of
populations
Endemic - ANSWER Disease is native to a local region
, Epidemic - ANSWER Disease affects/spreads to many at the same time
Pandemic - ANSWER Disease affects a large geographic area (often worldwide)
Primary prevention - ANSWER Altering susceptibility or decreasing exposure for
susceptible people
Secondary prevention - ANSWER Early detection/screening
Tertiary prevention - ANSWER Rehabilitative care to decrease disability and
increase function
Homeostasis - ANSWER Maintaining stability
Allostasis - ANSWER Adaptation to challenges to try to reestablish homeostasis
Stages of General Adaptation - ANSWER Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Catecholamine Release - ANSWER Epinephrine & Norepinephrine released during
stress reactions
Epinephrine effects - ANSWER ↑heart contractility, ↑heart rate, Bronchodilation,
↑glycogenolysis, ↓insulin secretion
Norepinephrine effects - ANSWER Blood vessel constriction, ↓GI secretion,
↓insulin secretion, Pupil dilation
Cortisol Effects - ANSWER ↑breakdown of tissues into amino acids, ↑building of
new protein in liver, Gluconeogenesis, ↑appetite, ↓acute immune and
inflammatory response
Aldosterone Effects - ANSWER Retention of Na+ and water, Vasoconstriction
Endorphins & Enkephalins - ANSWER Released due to stress, exercise, laughter,
etc.
Pain - ANSWER ↓ sedation
Euphoria - ANSWER ↑ sedation
Estradiol - ANSWER Most common form of estrogen; ↓ cortisol binding in the
brain
